1. Mr. Mao Dr. Jung Mrs. Lee

2. A Visual Reference of The Immune System

3. Major Functions of the Immune System Fights off invadingFights off invading pathogens and prevents pathogens and prevents the growth of cancer the growth of cancer Distinguishes betweenDistinguishes between healthy cells and tissue from healthy cells and tissue from harmful agents harmful agents The most important part of the immune system is the skin because it is a natural barrier against pathogensThe most important part of the immune system is the skin because it is a natural barrier against pathogens

4. White Blood Cells They are made in the red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen.They are made in the red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. White blood cells are made when stem cells divide in bone marrow.White blood cells are made when stem cells divide in bone marrow.

5. Pathogen Prevention Non-specific defenses- protects the body against any pathogen, regardless of its identityNon-specific defenses- protects the body against any pathogen, regardless of its identity Skin- tough keratin shield that serves as physical barrier to pathogenSkin- tough keratin shield that serves as physical barrier to pathogen Sweat/oils/waxes- containSweat/oils/waxes- contain enzymes that has toxic enzymes that has toxic chemicals to destroy bacteria chemicals to destroy bacteria Mucous membrane- protectsMucous membrane- protects interior surface of body, and interior surface of body, and secretes mucus secretes mucus

6. Non-specific Immune Responses Inflammation- Helps removeInflammation- Helps remove the hurtful stimuli and starts the hurtful stimuli and starts healing process of tissue healing process of tissue Fever- Body temperatureFever- Body temperature increased, enhancing immune reactions increased, enhancing immune reactions Allergies- Activates inflammatory response due to hypersensitivity to certain thingsAllergies- Activates inflammatory response due to hypersensitivity to certain things These are all non-specific because they can happen for a variety of causes, not only one specific cause.These are all non-specific because they can happen for a variety of causes, not only one specific cause.

7. Specific Immune Responses Cell-Mediated ImmuneCell-Mediated Immune Response Response -Macrophage releases-Macrophage releases interleukin-1, stimulates interleukin-1, stimulates helper T cell helper T cell -helper T cell release interleukin-2, cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells begin to divide -helper T cell release interleukin-2, cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells begin to divide -suppressor T cells divide slowly and shut down the immune response -suppressor T cells divide slowly and shut down the immune response -cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells -cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells

8. Specific Immune Responses cont. Humoral Immune ResponseHumoral Immune Response -helper T cell encounters macrophage and releases interleukin-2, stimulates rapid division by B cells -helper T cell encounters macrophage and releases interleukin-2, stimulates rapid division by B cells -mature B cells differentiate into antibody- secreting plasma cells -mature B cells differentiate into antibody- secreting plasma cells -antibodies bind to free antigen pieces and causes bacteria, viruses, and other antigens to clump -antibodies bind to free antigen pieces and causes bacteria, viruses, and other antigens to clump

9. Long Term Protection Long-term Immune ResponseLong-term Immune Response -after an infection, most of the -after an infection, most of the cells that fought die, but some cells that fought die, but some B and T cells remain to serve B and T cells remain to serve as memory cells as memory cells -in the 2 nd infection of the same pathogen, the memory cells produces more antibodies to deal with the same kind of disease from infecting the whole body -in the 2 nd infection of the same pathogen, the memory cells produces more antibodies to deal with the same kind of disease from infecting the whole body

10. Vaccinations Vaccines – releases weak form of a disease into body to create antibodiesVaccines – releases weak form of a disease into body to create antibodies Can prevent the flu (influenza), varicella (chicken pox), and Polio.Can prevent the flu (influenza), varicella (chicken pox), and Polio. Vaccines can be given together, such as the MMR.Vaccines can be given together, such as the MMR.

11. Immune System Working with Others Lymphatic System-Lymphatic System- one-way system that returns fluids collected in the tissues back to the bloodstreamone-way system that returns fluids collected in the tissues back to the bloodstream lymph nodes, that filter the lymph as it passes, stores lymphocytes, white blood cells that are specialized to fight diseaselymph nodes, that filter the lymph as it passes, stores lymphocytes, white blood cells that are specialized to fight disease

12. Immune System Working with Others cont. Integumentary System-Integumentary System- the skin, made of dead cells to protect the body from disease, is a nonspecific defensethe skin, made of dead cells to protect the body from disease, is a nonspecific defense Prevents any pathogen or bacteria to enter the bodyPrevents any pathogen or bacteria to enter the body Circulatory System-Circulatory System- Circulates blood to all parts of the bodyCirculates blood to all parts of the body If there is a cut revealing the body to disease and pathogen, inflammatory response acts and clots the cut leaving scabs as evidenceIf there is a cut revealing the body to disease and pathogen, inflammatory response acts and clots the cut leaving scabs as evidence