1. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by p This session looks at self-settled and planned IDP and refugee camps, following both natural disaster and conflict Site selection and camp planning 247 Burundi, 1995

2. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: 1.camps in conflicts and natural disasters 2.self-settled camps and planned camps 3.managing influx 4.evaluating and selecting sites 5.laying out a camp 6.scheduling and managing works 7.closure of a camp Session objectives !

3. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: 1.camps in conflicts and natural disasters 2.self-settled camps and planned camps 3.managing influx 4.evaluating and selecting sites 5.laying out a camp 6.scheduling and managing works 7.closure of a camp Session objectives !

4. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Camps following natural disasters: should be as close as safely possible to where the community used to live so that they may remain close to their livelihoods, property, belongings, crops and livestock should exist for as short a time period as possible, until there is no further risk from the hazard Camps following conflicts: should be at a safe distance from the conflict care should be taken to ensure that political factions or ethnic groups do not dominate political or ethnic groups that are hostile to each other should be segregated through planning and dispersing settlement should be planned for medium term occupation through phased development and expansion Camps in conflicts and natural disasters Macedonia FYR, 2005

5. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: 1.camps in conflicts and natural disasters 2.self-settled camps and planned camps 3.managing influx 4.evaluating and selecting sites 5.laying out a camp 6.scheduling and managing works 7.closure of a camp Session objectives !

6. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by host families rural self- settlement urban self- settlement collective centres self-settled camps planned camps Self-settled and planned camps Self-settled and planned camps are two of the six transitional settlement options for displaced populations: Camps may be supported because they are convenient to the government or to humanitarian organisations Except in special circumstances, such as extreme insecurity, camps should be a last resort following both conflicts and disasters Preference should be given to supporting other transitional options selected by affected populations, such as through rural and urban self-settlement The vast majority of camps are self-settled Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

7. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: 1.camps in conflicts and natural disasters 2.self-settled camps and planned camps 3.managing influx 4.evaluating and selecting sites 5.laying out a camp 6.scheduling and managing works 7.closure of a camp Session objectives !

8. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by A contingency plan should be a part of an integrated strategy that includes other transitional settlement options such as host families A contingency plan should include: A.forming committees to consider site selection, planning, standards, assessments and coordination B.identifying a series of sites for camps before displacement occurs, preparing sites and stock-piling materials The plan should also include: estimated size of the affected population estimated time, duration, size and location of influxes initial schedule and management of works (Gantt chart) Contingency plan for supporting camps

9. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by For each camp consider the needs of affected populations, host populations and the environment. Is one big camp preferable to several smaller camps? The dispersal of camps may have positive or negative impacts on: Dispersal of camps relations with host populations diversity of water sources environment and natural resource management as illustrated access to livelihoods vulnerability to hazards vulnerability to internal and and external threats Pakistan, 2005

10. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Keep communities together as much as possible. Reflect communities belonging to different villages in a neighbourhood structure in a larger camp Maintaining communities C D B Maintain similar spatial environments of affected populations: rural populations often prefer larger family plots and additional grazing and farmland, or space for kitchen gardens urban populations often prefer smaller plots and close proximity community A A community B community C community D Pakistan, 2006

11. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: 1.camps in conflicts and natural disasters 2.self-settled camps and planned camps 3.managing influx 4.evaluating and selecting sites 5.laying out a camp 6.scheduling and managing works 7.closure of a camp Session objectives !

12. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The site of a self-settled camp needs to be evaluated Sites for planned camps need to be identified, prioritised and selected Assess sites in relation to: security and hazards land tenure and use access routes topography, ground conditions and climate water resources impacts on the host population potential for future growth impacts on environment including available natural resources such as fuel wood Evaluating and selecting sites Malta, 2007

13. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by p Detailed assessment of self-settled camps is required in order to decide whether to: select a new site in consultation with the displaced population and host populations upgrade the infrastructure and facilities of the existing camp Self-settled camps: evaluating sites Self-settled camps are established in an emergency phase without reference to international standards Self-settled camps Liberia, 1998 103

14. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by p Through participation, involve all stakeholders in identifying the positive and negative factors of each potential camp location in order to reach consensus on appropriate site selection All sites will have negative factors which will affect the host and affected community to varying degrees For each site list and compare positive and negative factors: for the displaced population on the host community on the environment for government and assisting agencies Planned camps: selecting sites Planned camps Albania, 1999 106

15. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: 1.camps in conflicts and natural disasters 2.self-settled camps and planned camps 3.managing influx 4.evaluating and selecting sites 5.laying out a camp 6.scheduling and managing works 7.closure of a camp Session objectives !

16. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Before laying out a camp, the following steps can be undertaken: 1.identify possible sites 2.decide on size and numbers of camps 3.determine how to maintain and group communities 4.phase the plan to stay ahead of influx 5.plan for future growth and contingencies for scenarios 6.confirm site borders and land and resource use with local populations, affected populations, authorities and agencies 7.map topography and features such as rock outcroppings, etc. 8.plan access route 9.map contour routes 10.locate key facilities 11.plan utilities 12.plan sectors, blocks and communities Laying out a camp Planned camps DRC, 2008 106

17. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by A camp with approx. 20,000 inhabitants (4 sectors) Fire breaks:30m per built-up 300m Roads and water follow contours Administrative centre in the middle Each sector with approx. 5,000 inhabitants (4 blocks) fire breaks: 15m between blocks should contain central/recreational spaces Each block having approx. 1,250 inhabitants (16 communities) fire breaks: 6m (pathways) The community with approx. 80 inhabitants (16 plots with 16 shelters) fire breaks: 2m between dwellings drainage should be well planned and maintained drain water must not pollute or cause erosion Sectors, blocks and communities Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

18. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Central camp facilities In large camps, distribution centres and clinics may be needed in each sector, while space should be left for shops in each block public space, market, school, recreational area infrastructure including: distribution centre, clinic, feeding centre secure logistics compound supply road supply Liberia, 1998

19. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Controlled water access upstream downstream Protected collection of water for drinking, cooking and bathing using abstraction galleries, wells, pumps, gravity fed water distribution from tanks Consider other users and livestock watering downstream Latrines and cemeteries must be kept away from water sources Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

20. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Separate areas for livestock If animal husbandry is common: provision should be agreed for grazing or fodder seasonal activities such as lambing and migrations for grazing should be considered provision should be made for hygienic butchery separate areas should be planned for watering

21. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Laying out communities and blocks There are various ways to plan the layout of a community Options must be explored with the community through participatory assessment Different layout options include: Staggered plan Hollow square plan Community road plan Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

22. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Grid planning latrines tap stand Legend refuse shop wash area R S W S W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W R R RR Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

23. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Hollow square planning latrines tap stand Legend refuse shop wash area R S W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W S R S R S R Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

24. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Contour planning: terrace S R latrines tap stand Legend refuse shop wash area R S W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W R R R W W W W Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

25. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by W W W W Contour planning: cul-de-sac refuse latrines tap stand Legend refuse shop wash area R S W S W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W R R R Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

26. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Local villages, towns and settlements usually follow contours Follow topographic features by responding to: slope avoiding steep areas taking advantage of flat areas Contour planning maximise land use, when compared to grid planning minimise hazards such as land-slides, also by stabilizing steep slopes using erosion builds reduce infrastructure costs maintenance to roads and water surface drainage Camps should also follow contours in order to:

27. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Process to stay ahead of the influx rate assess number of people in transit assess when displaced population is expected to arrive Set up emergency facilities to manage the emergency influx These include: reception centre defecation fields emergency distribution facilities Ensure there is sufficient labour capacity at reception centre to receive and screen people at arrival to clear brush and mark out sites, avoiding deforestation Leave space for further development and plan for future upgrading Phasing Liberia, 1998

28. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Phased relocation can be used to upgrade or extend self-settled camps to international standards with a displaced population 5 steps to phased relocation: identify community group identify additional land adjacent to the camp or another site plan the extension with the participation of the community groups relocate the community to the new site repeat process until entire camp has been relocated or upgraded Upgrading self-settled camps Self-settled camps Liberia, 1998

29. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: 1.camps in conflicts and natural disasters 2.self-settled camps and planned camps 3.managing influx 4.evaluating and selecting sites 5.laying out a camp 6.scheduling and managing works 7.closure of a camp Session objectives !

30. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The following 8 steps may be considered in scheduling and managing works: 1.ensure permissions of all stakeholders 2.create a schedule of works 3.procure resources, labour and equipment (pre-positioning of material, equipment) 4.mark out the site 5.carry out ground preparation 6.build emergency infrastructure 7.upgrade existing infrastructure 8.handover Scheduling and managing works

31. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Schedule of works example A schedule of works should also include: who is responsible for each activity critical milestones and deadlines critical events, such as monsoons specific capacities or equipment such as bulldozers 1234567 Permissions Create schedule Procurement Ground prep Mark out site Emergency infrastructure Upgrades Monsoon season

32. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: 1.camps in conflicts and natural disasters 2.self-settled camps and planned camps 3.managing influx 4.evaluating and selecting sites 5.laying out a camp 6.scheduling and managing works 7.closure of a camp Session objectives !

33. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Camp closure The closure of a camp must be considered during initial negotiations with government, host populations and displaced populations in order to agree: land infrastructure (e.g. roads and buildings) improvements suitable to both the camp population, and host population upon handover, such as a therapeutic feeding centre finally being used as a school the activities that must be undertaken upon closure, such as filling in pit-latrines environmental recovery programmes the handover of the land the handover of purpose built infrastructure and equipment, such as buildings, roads, bore holes and pumps

34. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Discussion In pairs, discuss: left side of the room: list advantages of contour planning right side of the room: list advantages of grid planning Key point 10 mins Contour planning Grid planning Planning a camp Each pair agrees a key point Discussion in pairs

35. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Bibliography ‘Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations’ (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005) ‘Handbook for Emergencies’ (UNHCR, 2007) ‘Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards for Disaster Response’ (The Sphere Project, 2004)