1.  Learning A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience

2.  Learning How do we learn? Conditioning – the process of learning associations

3.  Learning Operant Conditioning

5.  Learning Operant Conditioning Skinner’s Experiments Credit: Falk/Photo Researchers, Inc.

6. Law of Effect Thorndike’s Law of Effect: Behavior followed by a pleasant outcome (a “reward”) is likely to happen again.

7. Law of Effect Thorndike’s Law of Effect: Behavior followed by a pleasant outcome (a “reward”) is likely to happen again. Credit: Yale University Library http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=BDujDOLre-8&vq=small#t=33

8. Law of Effect Using Thorndike's law of effect as a starting point, Skinner developed the operant chamber (“Skinner box”) to study operant conditioning.

9. Shaping Behavior Shaping–a procedure in which reinforcers (such as food) guide an animal’s actions toward desired behavior (also known as the method of successive approximations). http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=I_ctJqjlrHA&vq=small http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=vGazyH6fQQ4&vq=medium http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=3-12N3kVh3Q&vq=small

10. Shaping Behavior A rat shaped to sniff mines (left), and a manatee shaped to discriminate objects of different shapes, colors and sizes (right). Credit: Khamis Ramadhan/Panapress/Getty Images Credit: Fred Bavendam http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=BHYLcNSZM9o&vq=small

11. Types of Reinforcers Reinforcer–any event that strengthens (increases the frequency of) a preceding response.

12. Types of Reinforcers Reinforcer–any event that strengthens (increases the frequency of) a preceding response.

13. Types of Reinforcers

16. http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=5284979&m=5284996

17. Types of Reinforcers Primary reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus Conditioned reinforcer: a stimulus that gains its power to reinforce through its association with a primary reinforcer Credit: Brurger:Twid

18. Punishment Punishment–any event that weakens (decreases the frequency of) a preceding response.

19. Punishment Swift and sure punishers can powerfully restrain unwanted behavior, including criminal behavior. The threat of harsh sentences is generally ineffective. Credit: Andrew Bardwell

20.  Learning Operant Conditioning Extending Skinner’s Understanding Credit: Falk/Photo Researchers, Inc.

21. Cognition and Operant Conditioning Latent learning–a type of learning that becomes apparent only when there is incentive to demonstrate (and in the absence of reinforcement). Credit: Will and Deni McIntyre/Photo Researchers

22. Biological Predispositions Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive. For example, it’s easy to train a pigeon to peck to obtain food, but not to flap its wings to obtain food. Or to teach cats tricks that involve leaping high and landing on their feet! Credit: Saota/Gamma Liaison/Getty Images

23.  Learning Operant Conditioning Skinner’s Legacy Credit: Falk/Photo Researchers, Inc.

24. Applications of Operant Conditioning At school: Skinner introduced the concept of teaching machines that shape learning in small steps and provide reinforcements for correct rewards. Credit: Worth Publishers

25. Applications of Operant Conditioning In sports: shaping can be used to train complex skills such as hitting a golf ball.

26. Applications of Operant Conditioning At work: rewarding specific, achievable behaviors, rather than vaguely defined “merit,” increases workplace productivity

27. Applications of Operant Conditioning At home: In children, reinforcing good behavior increases the occurrence of these behaviors. Ignoring unwanted behavior decreases their occurrence. Credit: Worth Publishers

29.  Learning Learning by Observation Bandura’s Experiments

30. A child watches an adult actor behave either in an aggressive manner toward a stand-up doll (“Bobo”) or in a neutral manner. The child is taken to a room containing a few toys, and a Bobo doll. http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=Pr0OTCVtHbU&vq=small

31.  Learning Learning by Observation Applications of Observational Learning

32. Prosocial vs. Antisocial Effects Prosocial models can have positive effects on behavior, but antisocial models can have negative, even destructive, effects. Credit: Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works Credit: Worth Publishers

33. Prosocial vs. Antisocial Effects Credit: Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works Credit: Glassman/The Image Works

34.  Chapter Review What is learning? What is classical conditioning? What is operant conditioning? What is observational learning?