1. Understanding Human Personality
Chapter 13
Understanding Human Personality

2. Chapter 13 Preview Type and Trait Personality Theories
Psychodynamic Theories
Humanistic Theories
Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories

3. Chapter 13 Preview Self Theories Comparing Personality Theories
Assessing Personality
Recapping Main Points

4. Personality What is Personality
Unique psychological qualities of individual that influence variety of characteristic behavior patterns across different situations and over time

5. Personality trait What is Personality?
Enduring personal quality or attribute that influences behavior across situations

6. Type Personality Theories
Predispositions
Descriptions
Personality Types
Distinct patterns of personality characteristics

7. Trait Personality Theories
Allport’s Trait Approach
Three kinds of traits
cardinal
central
secondary
Personality structures as determinants of individual behavior
Intervening variables

8. Trait Personality Theories
Trait Theories
James Cattell’s 16 Factors
Hans Eysenck’s Dimensional Theory

9. Four Quadrants of Eysenck’s Personality Circle
Figure 13.2, page 358

10. Trait Personality Theories
Five-Factor Model (Big Five)
Factors
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
Attempt to find structure among large list of traits
Taxonomy or classification system
Used in 56 countries

11. Evolutionary Perspectives on Trait Dimensions
Evolutionary Approach
Consider great variation among and within Allport dimensions
Diversity of environments
People embody both low and high values on each of five dimensions

12. Traits and Heritability
Research Design
Family Studies
Twin Studies
Monozygotic twins
Dizygotic twins

13. Traits and Heritability
Behavioral Genetics
Study of degree to which personality traits and behavior patterns are inherited

14. Do Traits Predict Behaviors?
Consistency Paradox (Mischel, 2004)
Personality ratings are consistent
Behavior ratings are not

15. Evaluation of Type and Trait Theories
Advantages
Type and Trait theories describe people’s personalities
Disadvantages
Type and Trait theories do not explain how behavior is generated or how it develops
Type and Trait theories only portray static view of personality as it currently exists

16. Psychology in Your Life
Do you believe that YOUR personality can change? After reading information on page 363, answer the above question by using a holding theory or an incremental theory.

17. Psychodynamic Theories
Psychodynamic Personality Theories
Personality is shaped by and behavior is motivated by powerful inner forces

18. Drives and Psychosocial Development
Freud
Psychoanalysis
Concept of Libido
Oedipus and Electra Complexes
Concept of Fixation

19. Freudian Psychoanalysis
Psychic Determinism
Mental and behavioral reactions determined by previous experiences
Unconscious
Stores repressed urges and primitive impulses

20. Stages of Psychosexual Development
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

21. Structure of the PersonalityId
Primitive, unconscious part of the personality
Pleasure Principle
Superego
Internalization of society’s values, standards, and morals
Morality
Ego ideal
Ego
Self-preservation activities
Directing instinctual drives and urges into appropriate channels
Reality Principle

22. Repression and Ego Defenses
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Denial of Reality
Displacement
Fantasy
Identification

23. Repression and Ego Defenses
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Isolation
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
Regression
Sublimation

24. Evaluation of Freudian Theories
Advantages
Some aspects continued to modified and improved with empirical scrutiny
Some evidence for some of habits of mind
Still influences some areas of contemporary psychology
Criticisms
Vague concepts
No operational definitions
No predictive reliability
Retrospective application
No observations of children
Traumatic experience minimization
Androcentric bias
Criticisms
Concepts are vague and not operationally defined
Does not reliably predict what will occur; it is applied retrospectively
Is a developmental theory but never included observations of children
Minimizes traumatic experiences
Has a androcentric bias

25. Extending Psychodynamic Theories
Do you know the contributions of these people?
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Inferiority and Superiority
Individual Psychology: The Creative Self
Karen Horney
Carl Jung
Collective Unconscious
Archetypes
Analytic Psychology

26. Unconditional Positive Regard
Humanistic Theories
Carl Rogers
Self-concept
Self-actualization
Abraham Maslow
Unconditional Positive Regard
Self-actualization
Constant striving to realize potential and to develop inherent talents and capabilities

27. Features of Humanistic Theories
Holistic
Explain people’s separate acts in terms of their entire personalities
Dispositional
Focus on innate qualities within person that exert major influence over direction behavior will take
Phenomenological
Emphasize individual’s frame of reference and subjective view of reality

28. Evaluation of Humanistic Theories
Advantages
Focus on healthy personality that strives for happiness and self-actualization
Related to contemporary research related to narrative identities and life stories (psychobiographies)
Criticisms
Fuzzy terms
Theories not about individual personality
Ignores important environmental variables that influence behavior

29. Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories
Julian Rotter
Expectancy
Reward value
Locus of control

30. Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories
Walter Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality Theory
Encodings
Expectancies and beliefs
Affects
Goals and values
Competencies and self-regulatory plans
See page 371 for details

31. Bandura’s Cognitive Social-learning Theory
Reciprocal determinism
Complex reciprocal interaction exists among individual, his or her behavior, and environment stimuli
Each component affects other components

32. Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories
Cantor’s Social Intelligence Theory
Choice of life goals
Knowledge relevant to social interactions
Strategies for implementing goals

33. Reciprocal Determinism
Figure 13.8, page 373

34. Bandura’s Cognitive Social-learning Theory
Self-efficacy
Belief that one can perform adequately in particular situation

35. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Model

36. Evaluation of Social Learning Theories
Advantages
Major contributions to current thinking
Better understanding of what person brings to situation and what situation brings out of person
Improvements in way teachers educate children
Criticisms
No personality component
No recognition of unconscious motivation
Personal constructs and competencies vague
Focus on current behavior, not developmental origin
Theories overlook emotion as an important component of personality
Cognitive theories do not recognize the impact of unconscious motivation
Explanations about the way personal constructs and competencies are created are vague
Cognitive theories only focus on current behavior, not on its developmental origin

37. Self-Theories Self-concept Mental model of abilities and attributes
Self-enhancement
View that own actions and behaviors are positive
Helps preserve self-image

38. Generalized evaluative attitude toward self Self-handicapping
Self-Theories
Self-esteem
Generalized evaluative attitude toward self
Self-handicapping
Minimize ability deficits as possible attributions for failure

39. Men’s and Women’s Self-Handicapping
Figure 13.8, page 376

40. Terror Management Theory
Self-esteem helps people cope with inevitability of death
Symbolic immortality
Mortality salience

41. Cultural and Mortality Salience
Figure 13.9, page 378

42. Self-Theories Cultural Construction of Self
Independent construals of self
Interdependent construals of self

43. Evaluation of Self Theories
Advantages
Capture people’s concepts of their personalities and way wish to be perceived by others
Cross-cultural construals of self influence psychologists examination of theoretic universals
Criticisms
Limitless boundaries
Factors for predicting behavior unclear
Inconsistent emphasis of self as social construct is not consistent with evidence of inherited personality
Limitless boundaries
Not clear which factors are most important for predicting behavior
Emphasis on the self as a social construct is not consistent with the evidence that facets of personality may be inherited

44. Critical Thinking in Your Life
How is personality conveyed in cyberspace? How do you present yourself in cyberspace? Why might people be more comfortable making personality judgments based on social media content?

45. Comparing Personality Theories
Heredity versus environment
Learning processes versus innate laws of behavior
Emphasis on past, present, and future
Consciousness versus unconsciousness
Inner disposition versus outer situation

46. Assessing Personality
Objective Tests
Personality Inventories
MMPI, MMPI-2, MMPI-2-RF
NEO-PI

47. Assessing Personality
Projective Tests
Rorschach
TAT

48. Inkblot Similar to Those Used in Rorschach Test
Figure 13.10, page 381

49. Recapping Chapter 13 Main Points
Categorizing by Type
Describing with Traits
Traits and Heredity
Do Traits Predict Behavior?
Evaluation of Trait Theories
Type and Trait Personality Theories

50. Recapping Chapter 13 Main Points
Freudian Psychoanalysis
Evaluation of Freudian Theory
Extending Psychodynamic Theories
Psychodynamic Theories
Features of Humanistic Theories
Evaluation of Humanistic Theories
Humanistic Theories

51. Recapping Chapter 13 Main Points
Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality Theory
Bandura’s Cognitive Social-Learning Theory
Cantor’s Social Intelligence Theory
Evaluation of Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories
Social Learning and Cognitive Theories

52. Recapping Chapter 13 Main Points
Dynamic Aspects of Self-Concepts
Self-Esteem and Self Presentation
The Cultural Construction of Self
Evaluation of Self Theories
Self Theories
Comparing Theories