1. ROMANTICISM AND GOTHIC LITERATURE

2. ROMANTICISM At its peak from 1800-1850. Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, it was also a reaction against the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.

3. THE ROMANTIC PERIOD “WANDERER ABOVE A SEA OF FOG” (1818)

4. Romanticism has very little to do with things popularly thought of as “romantic,” although love may occasionally be the subject of Romantic art. It is an international artistic and philosophical movement that redefined the fundamental ways in which people in Western Culture thought about themselves and about their world

5. QUALITIES OF ROMANTICISM Sources of inspiration: examination of inner feelings, emotions; imagination Attitudes and interests: idealistic; interested in the mysterious and supernatural; tended toward excess and spontaneity Social concerns: desired radical change; favored democracy; concerned with common people; concerned with the individual; felt that nature should be untamed

6. CONCEPT OF ART AND LITERATURE IN ROMANTICISM Literature and art was seen as the overflow of powerful feelings; the essence of art and literature was the mind, emotions, and imagination of the artist. Nature was seen to reflect the artist’s interior world.

7. THE SUPERNATURAL AND STRANGE Much Romantic art explores the realm of mystery, magic, folktales and fairy tales. It often incorporates material from folklore and superstition and is often interested in distant or faraway places.

8. THE STRANGE (CON’T) Related to this was a renewed interest in the middle ages and the past as beautiful, exotic, mysterious, bygone era. There was also great interest in unusual modes of experience, such as visionary states of consciousness, dreams, drug-induced states and visions; madness, etc.

9. INDIVIDUALISM Human beings were seen as essentially noble & good (though corrupted by society) There was a great belief in democratic ideals, concern for human liberty, and an outcry against various forms of tyranny

10. THE CHILD Romantics featured children in literature and poetry because they believed that because children were innocent, they were closer to nature. The child, some Romantic poets believed, had access to a unique worldview, because a child has not yet been influenced and shaped (ruined) by society

11. THE GOTHIC NOVEL: HISTORICAL CONTEXT The words Goth and Gothic describe Germanic tribes that sacked Rome and also ravaged the rest of Europe in the third, fourth, and fifth centuries. By the 1700s in England, Gothic had become synonymous with the Middle Ages, a period seen as chaotic, unenlightened, and superstitious

12. HORACE WALPOLE Walpole wrote what is considered the first gothic novel: The Castle of Otranto (very melodramatic) Published in 1764 Inspired by his home and a nightmare he’d had

13. CONVENTIONS OF THE GOTHIC NOVEL MurderDeathSuicideGhostsDemons Gloomy settingsFamily secretsDungeonsCursesTorture VampiresSpiritsCastlesTombsTerror

14. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – 12 TH – 16 TH CENTURY Gothic architecture used pointed arches and vaults, flying buttresses, narrow spires, stained glass windows, intricate and varied details; its upward movement was meant to suggest heavenward aspiration

15. LITERARY CONNECTION TO GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE “Gothic” came to describe certain types of novels, so named because all these novels seem to take place in Gothic-styled architecture – mainly castles, mansions, and, of course, abbeys

16. A FEW MORE GOTHIC CONVENTIONS Damsel in distress (frequently faints in horror) Secret corridors, passageways, or rooms Ancestral curses ruined castles with graveyards nearby Priests and monks Sleep, dreams, death-like states

17. A FEW MORE DETAILS TO SUGGEST MYSTERY, DANGER, OR THE SUPERNATURAL wind, especially howlingsighs, moans, howls, eerie sounds rain, especially blowingclanking chains doors grating on rusty hingesgusts of wind blowing out the lights footsteps approachingdoors suddenly slamming shut lights in abandoned roomscrazed laughter character trapped in a roombaying of distant dogs (or wolves) ruins of buildingsthunder and lightning