1. Chapter 2 Section 1 pp. 28-34

2. A.Ancient Greece 1. Direct Democracy a. Majority Rule b. All citizens qualified to govern 2. Written Constitution

3. B.Rome 1. Democratic Principles a. Sovereignty b. Majority Rule c. Equality d. Written Constitution 2. Republic a. Elected representatives 3. Cicero a. Orator, Lawyer, Writer b. Limits on Government c. Checks and Balances

4. C.Middle Ages 1. Natural Law - “Higher” law that prevents government from exercising total power and control over people.

5. A.Thomas Hobbes 1. “State of Nature” a.Every person had the right to do as he pleased b.Led to violence and chaos c.Life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” 2. Social Contract a.Ruler with absolute authority b.Government supreme over the people

6. B.John Locke 1. Natural Rights a.Life, Liberty, Property b.Cannot be taken away 2. Social Contract a.People give government certain powers b.Government protects natural rights c.People have right to change government

7. C.Baron de Montesquieu 1. Separation of Powers a.Legislative branch makes laws b.Executive branch enforces laws c.Judicial branch interprets laws

8. A.Royal Colonies – 8 of 13 1.British Crown directly ruled 2.Royal governor and council (upper house) appointed 3.Colonists elected assembly (lower house) 4.Governor had veto power

9. B.Proprietary Colonies 1.Ruled by individuals or groups who had been granted land by the crown 2.Generally free to rule as they wished 3.Appointed governors and members of upper house 4.People elected the lower house

10. C.Charter Colonies 1.Established by groups of settlers who had been given a grant of rights and privileges by the crown 2.Colonists elected own governors & legislature (both houses) 3.Governor could not veto acts of legislature

11. D.What Colonists Learned 1.Power of executive should be limited 2.Controlling taxes and funds were effective tools to attack governors. Should remain with legislators 3.Right to trial by jury, to post bail, and to face one’s accuser are “natural rights”