1. Agrarian Revolution Three Field System? Three Field System? Rotation of three fields & keeping one field fallow replenishes soil Rotation of three fields & keeping one field fallow replenishes soil This system became obsolete (outdated) This system became obsolete (outdated) Why? Why?

2. The Three Field System

3. Agrarian Revolution Farmers plant crops replenish nitrogen in soil Farmers plant crops replenish nitrogen in soil Turnips, beans, & potatoes Turnips, beans, & potatoes Crops are rotated Crops are rotated Result: Result: No wasted land, more crop yield No wasted land, more crop yield

4. Agrarian Revolution Medieval period, peasants farmed on Common Lands (CL). Medieval period, peasants farmed on Common Lands (CL). Collectively share & farm together Collectively share & farm together Practice 3 field system Practice 3 field system But, C.L. owned by landowners, & rented out to Peasants But, C.L. owned by landowners, & rented out to Peasants

5. Agrarian Revolution Problems w/ Common lands? Problems w/ Common lands? Inefficient – why? Inefficient – why? Why don’t people want to make improvements to the land? Why don’t people want to make improvements to the land? Tragedy of Commons Tragedy of Commons Grow enough for families Grow enough for families No improvements No improvements Poor efficiency Poor efficiency

6. Agrarian Revolution In Britain, landowners seize C.L. In Britain, landowners seize C.L. Parliament passed laws which fenced off common lands Parliament passed laws which fenced off common lands Called enclosure Called enclosure L.O. consolidate land L.O. consolidate land

7. Agrarian Revolution Con’s of Enclosure Con’s of Enclosure C.L. disappear C.L. disappear Poor peasants lose lands Poor peasants lose lands Wealthy benefit more Wealthy benefit more Pro’s of Enclosure More land used More food produced Crops healthier More output feeds growing pop.

8. Revolution in Agriculture 1700s 1. Rotating crops: vary the type of crop that is planted - Turnips, beans, & potatoes (replenish nitrogen in soil) 1. Rotating crops: vary the type of crop that is planted - Turnips, beans, & potatoes (replenish nitrogen in soil) 2. Enclosure movement: larger & more productive farms means more food! 2. Enclosure movement: larger & more productive farms means more food! Both will help to facilitate a rise in population Both will help to facilitate a rise in population Effect - Population increased dramatically from 1700 to 1850s Effect - Population increased dramatically from 1700 to 1850s 1800 – 187 million by 1850 – 250 million 1800 – 187 million by 1850 – 250 million

9. Industrial Revolution Began in 1600s, but rapidly expanded in 1800s Began in 1600s, but rapidly expanded in 1800s 1. Production of goods shifted from hand tools to complex machinery. 1. Production of goods shifted from hand tools to complex machinery. 2. Human & animal labor were replaced by steam & coal power. 2. Human & animal labor were replaced by steam & coal power. 3. Goods were mass produced by machines! 3. Goods were mass produced by machines!

10. Themes of Industrial Revolution 1. Inventions improved production, save time, & cost 1. Inventions improved production, save time, & cost 2. Labor became less skilled as machine technology improved 2. Labor became less skilled as machine technology improved 3. Factory life – people “went to work” instead of doing work in their home 3. Factory life – people “went to work” instead of doing work in their home 4. Migrations from countryside to cities as people searched for jobs 4. Migrations from countryside to cities as people searched for jobs 5. Society became more urban – cities grew 5. Society became more urban – cities grew

11. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Demographer who studied affects of population growth Demographer who studied affects of population growth Essay on Principles of Population (1798) Essay on Principles of Population (1798) Checks on man become less significant Checks on man become less significant disease, famine, war, infant mortality decrease disease, famine, war, infant mortality decrease Pop. growth expands geometrically (2,4,6,8...) Pop. growth expands geometrically (2,4,6,8...) Food production would expand arithmetically (1,2,3,4,5...) Food production would expand arithmetically (1,2,3,4,5...) Pop. Growth will eventually outstrip food Pop. Growth will eventually outstrip food

12. #1 England – center of Ind. Rev. Why …? Why …? 1. Stable Gov.’t that supported Industrialism 1. Stable Gov.’t that supported Industrialism 2. Good harbors/roads for exporting goods 2. Good harbors/roads for exporting goods 3. Blessed w/ natural resources: 3. Blessed w/ natural resources: coal & iron ore coal & iron ore 4. Entrepreneurship - inventions 4. Entrepreneurship - inventions

13. Laissez Faire Economics 1. Economic theory in which gov’ts did little to regulate business 1. Economic theory in which gov’ts did little to regulate business No … No … Taxes or tariffs on business Taxes or tariffs on business Health & unemployment insurance, Health & unemployment insurance, A minimum wage or A minimum wage or Child Labor Laws Child Labor Laws 2. Laws of supply & demand would determine price of goods 2. Laws of supply & demand would determine price of goods

14. Division of Labor Labor became divided & more specialized Labor became divided & more specialized Thus, workers did not require much training or skill to perform a task Thus, workers did not require much training or skill to perform a task As a result, payment of laborers was very small As a result, payment of laborers was very small Unskilled labor grew – labor that required little skill & paid very little Unskilled labor grew – labor that required little skill & paid very little

15. Child labor in coal mine Chained to the coal basket

16. Social & Environmental Problems Poverty & growth of slums Poverty & growth of slums Poor sanitation Poor sanitation Crime increased Crime increased Family breakdown – many children born out of wedlock Family breakdown – many children born out of wedlock Garbage was dumped in rivers polluting drinking water

17. Development of Classes Working Class – unskilled laboring class who worked low wage jobs Upper Middle Class – owners of businesses, doctors, lawyers, professionals

18. Development of Socialism However, there were many that believed the I.R. was destroying the fabric of society. However, there were many that believed the I.R. was destroying the fabric of society. Socialists were appalled at the living & working conditions the working class faced – they wanted major CHANGE Socialists were appalled at the living & working conditions the working class faced – they wanted major CHANGE Beliefs: Beliefs: Private property should be owned by community of individuals & shared cooperatively. Private property should be owned by community of individuals & shared cooperatively.

19. Karl Marx (1818-1883) German philosopher who attempted to explain the stages of economic development German philosopher who attempted to explain the stages of economic development Highly critical of laissez faire capitalism & the I.R. Highly critical of laissez faire capitalism & the I.R. Believed he could predict historical events based on his formula sort of like a Science Believed he could predict historical events based on his formula sort of like a Science

20. Industrial Revolution Marx listed his beliefs in The Communist Manifesto (1848) It stated… Marx listed his beliefs in The Communist Manifesto (1848) It stated… These groups emerged during I.R. … These groups emerged during I.R. … Bourgeoisie - Owners of means of production (factories) – minority Bourgeoisie - Owners of means of production (factories) – minority Proletariat – unskilled laborers who worked for bourgeoisie – majority Proletariat – unskilled laborers who worked for bourgeoisie – majority

21. Marx’s Theory Prol. would revolt against bourgeoisie & take over factories Prol. would revolt against bourgeoisie & take over factories Capitalism would die, & Prol. would live communally & share ownership Capitalism would die, & Prol. would live communally & share ownership This would create a classless society, wealth & property would be shared communally This would create a classless society, wealth & property would be shared communally Communism based on these ideals Communism based on these ideals This is a Revolution

22. Industrial Revolution Big Points Communist Manifesto Big Points Communist Manifesto 1. History a class struggle 1. History a class struggle Rich vs. Poor w/ Rich winning Rich vs. Poor w/ Rich winning 2. Revolution needed to rid of inequality 2. Revolution needed to rid of inequality Pro. defeat Bourgeoisie Pro. defeat Bourgeoisie 3. Proletariat dominant, 3. Proletariat dominant, ends private property ends private property No Class conflict No Class conflict Everyone equal Everyone equal

23. Mass Consumption Supply Side Supply Side Factories grow Factories grow New goods made New goods made Tea & Sugar Tea & Sugar Soaps, wines, glassware, watches, jewelry Soaps, wines, glassware, watches, jewelry Toys, utensils, glassware Toys, utensils, glassware Demand Side People demand goods Fashion grows Consumer society takes off

24. Industrial Revolution 1769, Richard Arkwright 1769, Richard Arkwright Water Frame Water Frame Harnessed power of water! Harnessed power of water! Labor moves outside home Labor moves outside home Cotton industry grows Cotton industry grows Water Frame

25. Industrial Revolution David Ricardo (1772-1823). David Ricardo (1772-1823). Iron Laws of Wages Iron Laws of Wages Because of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence (or barely surviving). Because of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence (or barely surviving). If wages rose = More births, more people enter job market, expand labor market, cause wages to drop again If wages rose = More births, more people enter job market, expand labor market, cause wages to drop again Wages drop = People have less kids, causes wages to rise again. Restart process Wages drop = People have less kids, causes wages to rise again. Restart process Wages minimum Wages minimum

26. Robert Owen ( 1771-1858 ) Factory owner who was a Utopian Socialist Factory owner who was a Utopian Socialist Wanted to improve the conditions of the working class Wanted to improve the conditions of the working class Built own factories Built own factories Encouragement not punishment Encouragement not punishment Benign supervision Benign supervision Clean Housing Clean Housing Education for workers Education for workers No child labor under 14 No child labor under 14 Robert Owen