2. Module 19 Recalling Long-term Memory Chapter 6, Pages 229-238 Essentials of Understanding Psychology- Sixth Edition PSY110 Psychology © Richard Goldman October 23, 2006

3. Recalling Difficult because of the vast amount of information stored in our brains Retrieval Cues - Words or images that guide us through long term memory Recall - retrieving information (fill in the blank) Recognition - select from items presented (multiple choice)

4. Levels of Processing The more material is analyzed, considered, or processed in any way – the better it will be remembered. Which generates better, long-lasting memory?  Rote memorization of a list of key terms  Discussing the key terms in a study group

5. Flashbulb Memories Vivid memories focused on a significant event in your life.

6. Constructive Processes in Memory Recollection is imperfect Our minds fill in the missing information Our personal biases and expectations affect how we fill in the missing information. Schemas:  Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is: Interpreted Stored Recalled

7. Memories in the Courtroom Eyewitnesses are prone to very high error because of fear, influences from personal schema, expectations (how questions are worded), etc. Children’s recollections are especially susceptible to the influence or perceived expectations.

8. Repressed Memories: Truth or Fiction? “Repressed Memories” are often (always?) “False Memories” (fabricated). Psychologists have been accused (and convicted) of inadvertently prompting and encouraging the creation of “Repressed Memories.” Repressed Memories - supported by Freud - no scientific support

9. Autobiographical Memory Recalling our own past is subject to the same constructive processes and biases as other types of recall. We tend to recall our past in ways that are consistent with our current beliefs and desires. Major events are remembered best – unpleasant events are remembered least. Accuracy of recall decreases with time.