1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture prepared by Kathleen A. Ireland, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Anatomy & Physiology M A R T I N I FIRST EDITION C h a p t e r 7-8 The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College - North Harris Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Axial skeleton Skull Auditory ossicles and hyoid bone Vertebral column Thoracic cage Appendicular skeleton Pectoral and pelvic girdles Upper and lower limbs Skeletal system includes both:

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.1 The Axial Skeleton Figure 7.1b

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face The cranium encloses cranial cavity Facial bones surround and protect the entrances to the respiratory and digestive tracts Superficial landmarks include the sutures Lambdoid Coronal Sagittal Squamous The skull

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2 Figure 7.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3a, b

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3c

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3d

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3e

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings One occipital bone Foramen magnum Two parietal bones One frontal bone Frontal sinuses Focus: The Individual Bones of the Skull Cranial Bones Two temporal bones Auditory ossicles One sphenoid One ethmoid

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull Figure 7.4a

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull Figure 7.4b

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.5 The Occipital and Parietal Bones Figure 7.5

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.6 The Frontal Bone Figure 7.6

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.7 The Temporal Bones Figure 7.7

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.8 The Sphenoid Figure 7.8

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.9 The Ethmoid Figure 7.9

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maxillary bones Mandible Palatine bones Nasal bones Vomer Facial bones Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones Hyoid

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Largest facial bones Form the upper jaw and most of the hard palate Maxillae

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.10 The Maxillary and Palatine Bones Figure 7.10

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Palatine bones Small “L” shaped bones Form the posterior hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity Nasal bones Superior border of external nares Palatine and Nasal Bones

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vomer Inferior portion of the nasal septum Zygomatic bone Temporal process articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone Lacrimal bones Smallest bones of the face Sit medially in orbit Vomer, Zygomatic and Lacrimal bones

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.11 The Smaller Bones of the Face Figure 7.11

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mandible Bone of the lower jaw Hyoid Suspended by stylohyoid ligaments Supports the larynx Mandible and Hyoid bones

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.12 The Mandible and Hyoid Bones Figure 7.12a

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.12 The Mandible and Hyoid Bones Figure 7.12b, c

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seven bones in the orbital complex Nasal complex = bones that enclose the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses The Orbital and Nasal Complexes

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.14 The Orbital Complex Figure 7.14

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fontanels permit skulls of infants and children to continue growing Skulls of infants and children

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae Sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae Vertebral column

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.16 The Vertebral Column Figure 7.16

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Four spinal curves Primary (accommodation) curves = thoracic and sacral Secondary (compensation) curves = lumbar and cervical Spinal curvature

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Typically has a body and vertebral arch Superior and inferior articular processes Separated by intervertebral discs Vertebral anatomy

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17 Vertebral Anatomy Figure 7.17a, b

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17 Vertebral Anatomy Figure 7.17c, d

36. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cervical Has distinctive shape Large relative size of vertebral foramen Costal processes with transverse foramina Notched spinous processes Vertebral regions

37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.18 The Cervical Vertebrae Figure 7.18a, b

38. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.18 The Cervical Vertebrae Figure 7.18c, d

39. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Heart-shaped body Long slender spinous processes Articulations for ribs Thoracic vertebrae

40. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.19 The Thoracic Vertebrae Figure 7.19a

41. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.19 The Thoracic Vertebrae Figure 7.19b, c

42. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most massive Least mobile Subjected to great stresses Lumbar vertebrae

43. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.20 The Lumbar Vertebrae Figure 7.20a

44. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.20 The Lumbar Vertebrae Figure 7.20b

45. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.20 The Lumbar Vertebrae Figure 7.20c

46. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protects reproductive, digestive and urinary organs Articulates with pelvic girdle and fused elements of coccyx Sacrum

47. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.21 The Sacrum and Coccyx Figure 7.21

48. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Sternum Ribs and sternum forms the rib cage Thoracic cage

49. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22 The Thoracic Cage Figure 7.22a

50. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22 The Thoracic Cage Figure 7.22b

51. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ribs 1-7 are attached to vertebrae 8-12 are vertebrochondral ribs 11-12 are floating ribs The ribs

52. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Has a head, neck, tubercle and a body Costal groove marks pathway of blood returning to the heart Typical rib

53. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Manubrium Body Xiphoid process The Sternum consists of

54. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22 The Thoracic Cage Figure 7.22a

55. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Articulates the upper limbs with the trunk Consists of clavicle and scapula Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)

56. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Position the shoulder joint Help move the upper limb Provide a base for muscle attachment Clavicle and scapula

57. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.24 Figure 7.24 The Clavicle

58. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapula markings are attachment sites for tendons/ligaments of shoulder joint Coracoid process Acromion

59. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.25 The Scapula Figure 7.25

60. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapula articulates with the humerus at the glenohumoral joint Greater and lesser tubercles are muscle attachment sites The upper limbs

61. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.26 The Humerus Figure 7.26

62. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Humerus Articulates with radius and ulna Elbow joint

63. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.27 The Radius and Ulna Figure 7.27

64. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carpus forms wrist Two rows of short bones Distal row articulates with metacarpals Four fingers have three phalanges Pollex (thumb) has two Carpal bones and hand

65. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.28 Bones of the Wrist and Hand Figure 7.28

66. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings More massive than the pectoral girdle Consists of two os coxae Fusion of ilium, ischium and pubis The pelvic girdle and lower limbs

67. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.29 The Os Coxae Figure 7.29

68. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Largest hip bone Within acetabulum, fused to the ischium (posteriorly) and the pubis (anteriorly) Pubic symphysis limits left to right Ilium

69. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.29 The Os Coxae Figure 7.29

70. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.30 The Pelvis Figure 7.30

71. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composed of the hipbones, sacrum and coccyx Subdivided into the false (greater) and true (lesser) pelvis Pelvis

72. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.31 Divisions of the Pelvis Figure 7.31

73. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.32 Figure 7.32 Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and a Female PLAY Animation: Male and female pelvis

74. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Femur is the longest bone in the body Articulates with the tibia at the knee Patella is a large sesamoid bone Fibula parallels tibia laterally The lower limbs

75. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.33 The Femur Figure 7.33

76. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.34 The Right Patella Figure 7.34

77. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.35 The Tibia and Fibula Figure 7.35

78. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Has seven tarsal bones Pattern of metatarsal bones and phalanges parallels that of the hand All toes have three phalanges except the hallux (two phalanges) Tarsus

79. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.36 Bones of the Ankle and Foot Figure 7.36

80. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings When standing, most of the weight of the body is transferred from the talus to the calcaneous Rest is passed on to metatarsals Weight transfer occurs along longitudinal arch Transverse arch Ankle and arches

81. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Medical history Weight Gender Body size Muscle mass Age Important Variation in the Skeletal System

82. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Begin about age one Continue throughout life Age related changes in skeletal system

83. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, their functions and their features. The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs, their functions and their features. The similarities and differences between the male and female skeleton and pelvic structure. How the skeleton can reveal significant information about the individual. The effect of aging on the skeleton.

84. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The bones of the axial skeleton and their functions. The bones of the cranium and face. The differences between adult, child and infant skulls. The curvatures of the spinal column. The vertebral regions and characteristics of each. The articulations between the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and sternum.