1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 8, part 2 The Appendicular Skeleton

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 8-2 The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings More massive than the pectoral girdle Consists of two os coxae Fusion of ilium, ischium and pubis The pelvic girdle and lower limbs

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.7 The Os Coxae Figure 8.7

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Largest hip bone Within acetabulum, fused to the ischium (posteriorly) and the pubis (anteriorly) Pubic symphysis limits left to right Ilium

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.7 The Os Coxae Figure 8.7

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.8 The Pelvis Figure 8.8

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composed of the hipbones, sacrum and coccyx Subdivided into the false (greater) and true (lesser) pelvis Pelvis Animation: Pelvic girdle and lower limb PLAY

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.9 Divisions of the Pelvis Figure 8.9

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.10 Figure 8.10 Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and a Female Animation: Male and Female Pelvis PLAY

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Femur is the longest bone in the body Articulates with the tibia at the knee Patella is a large sesamoid bone Fibula parallels tibia laterally The lower limbs

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.11 The Femur Figure 8.11

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.12 The Right Patella Figure 8.12

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.13 The Tibia and Fibula Figure 8.13

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Has seven tarsal bones Pattern of metatarsal bones and phalanges parallels that of the hand All toes have three phalanges except the hallux (two phalanges) Tarsus

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.14 Bones of the Ankle and Foot Figure 8.14

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings When standing, most of the weight of the body is transferred from the talus to the calcaneous Rest is passed on to metatarsals Weight transfer occurs along longitudinal arch Transverse arch Ankle and arches

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 8-3 Individual Variation in the Skeletal System

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Medical history Weight Gender Body size Muscle mass Age Important Variation in the Skeletal System

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Begin about age one Continue throughout life Age related changes in skeletal system

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, their functions and their features. The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs, their functions and their features. The similarities and differences between the male and female skeleton and pelvic structure. How the skeleton can reveal significant information about the individual. The effect of aging on the skeleton.