1. Civil Rights Movement 1950s and Beyond

2. The Fourteenth Amendment nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Ratified 1868

3. Plessy v Ferguson 1896 The object of the 14 th Amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either."

4. Up From Slavery 1902 Booker T. Washington

5. Niagara Movement Formation of NAACP W.E.B. DuBois

6. Dangers of Being Black in America 1910s-1920s Lynchings Rosewood Massacre

7. Executive Order 8802 All departments and agencies of the Government of the United States concerned with vocational and training programs for defense production shall take special measures appropriate to assure that such programs are administered without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin;

8. C.O.R.E James Farmer George Houser 1942

9. Integration of Baseball Jackie Robinson 1947

10. Integration of Armed Forces Executive Order 9981 Harry Truman

11. Brown v Board of Education 1954 Linda Brown

12. Southern Manifesto The unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law. We regard the decisions of the Supreme Court in the school cases as a clear abuse of judicial power. Al Gore, Sr. Estes Kefauver Lyndon Johnson These men refused to sign

13. Emmett Till Case

14. Montgomery Bus Boycott

15. Creation of SCLC Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.

16. Central High School

18. Greensboro Sit-Ins

19. Formation of Student Non- Violent Coordinating Committee

20. The Freedom Rides

21. Birmingham Campaign

22. Letter from a Birmingham Jail We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. Frankly, I have yet to engage in a direct action campaign that was "well timed" in the view of those who have not suffered unduly from the disease of segregation. For years now I have heard the word "Wait!" It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This "Wait" has almost always meant "Never." We must come to see, with one of our distinguished jurists, that "justice too long delayed is justice denied."

23. Medgar Evers Byron de la Beckwith

24. Kennedy proposed Civil Rights Act which led to March on Washington

25. 24 th Amendment outlaws poll taxes Civil Rights Act of 1964 Forbids discrimination in places of public accomodation

26. Mississippi Freedom Summer

27. Malcolm X

28. March from Selma to Montgomery

29. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Outlaws Literacy Tests for voting requirement

30. Riots in Watts and Detroit 1965 and 1967

31. Assassination

32. Attempts at Desegregation: Busing Violence in Boston, 1974

33. Cleveland’s History on Equality in Education: Rev. Bruce Klunder, 1964 http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/254 Mrs. Z’s data/research on Cleveland School Desegregation

34. Bakke v Regents of the University of California 1978

35. Los Angeles Riots 1992 Rodney King

36. Gratz v Bollinger