1. Haemoglobinopathies

2. Haemoglobinopathies
Inherited disorders of Hb Structure and/or function
Thalassaemias
Sickle cell disorders
Unstable haemoglobins

3. Epidemiology Worldwide occurrence Areas of Prevalence
5% of world population harbor alleles for hemoglobinopathies
300,000 children born each year with hemoglobinopathy
200,000 children born yearly in Africa with Sickle Cell Disease
Areas of Prevalence
Sub-Saharan Africa
S.C. trait frequency 10-40%
S.C. disease freq </= 2%
Highest rates in Ghana,
Nigeria, Uganda

4. What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
A serious condition in which red blood cells can become sickle-shaped
Normal red blood cells are smooth and round. They move easily through blood vessels to carry oxygen to all parts of the body.
Sickle-shaped cells don’t move easily through blood vessels. They’re stiff and sticky and tend to form clumps and get stuck in blood vessels.
The clumps of sickle cell block blood flow in the blood vessels that lead to the limbs and organs. Blocked blood vessel can cause pain, serious infection, and organ damage.

5. Normal Haemoglobin Normal Adult Blood α2β2 = Hgb A (97%)
α2γ2 = Hgb F (<1%)

6. Pathophysiology Inheritance of mutated hemoglobin β-globin chain
Mutation of GAG  GTG at 6th codon at chromosome 11
Glutamic acid  Valine at 6th AA
α1α2, β1β2 = normal hemoglobin
α1α2, β1βS = heterozygote = Sickle trait
α1α2, βSβS = homozygous recessive = Sickle cell disease

7. Pathophysiology
A) Haemoglobin bindings
Valine give non-polarity (hydrophobic) to haemoglobins. Val6 of B2 chain of 1st HbS chain forms hydrophobic bond with Phe85 and Leu88 of a 2nd HbS B1 chain
Negative charge and size of Glutamic acid prevent haemoglobin to aggregate
B) Charge and size prevent
6b Glu from binding.

8. Normal and Sickled Red Blood Cells in Blood Vessels
Figure B shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells clumping and blocking the blood flow in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross-section of a sickled red blood cell with abnormal strands of hemoglobin.
Figure A shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal hemoglobin.

9. Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia
If one parent has sickle cell trait (HbAS) and the other does not carry the sickle hemoglobin at all (HbAA) then none of the children will have sickle cell anemia.
There is a one in two (50%) chance that any given child will get one copy of the HbAS gene and therefore have the sickle cell trait.
It is equally likely that any given child will get two HbAA genes and be completely unaffected.
Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia

10. Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia
If both parents have sickle cell trait (HbAS) there is a one in four (25%) chance that any given child could be born with sickle cell anemia.
There is also a one in four chance that any given child could be completely unaffected.
There is a one in two (50%) chance that any given child will get the sickle cell trait.
Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia

11. Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia
If one parent has sickle cell trait (HbAS) and the other has sickle cell anaemia (HbSS) there is a one in two (50%) chance that any given child will get sickle cell trait and a one in two (50%) chance that any given child will get sickle cell anemia.
No children will be completely unaffected.
Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia

12. Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia
If one parent has sickle cell anaemia (HbSS) and the other is completely unaffected (HbAA) then all the children will have sickle cell trait.
None will have sickle cell anemia.
The parent who has sickle cell anemia (HbSS) can only pass the sickle hemoglobin gene to each of their children.
Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia

13. Sickle cell disease: clinical problems
Anaemia (Hb 7-9g/dl in Hb SS)
Infections
Painful crises
Stroke
Leg ulcers
Visual loss
Chronic organ damage
Kidneys, lungs, joints, heart

14. Clinical problems by age Children:
Infection
Splenic sequestration
Pain
Stroke
Adults
Chest syndrome
Chronic organ damage

16. Painful crisis Commonest problem for patients
Pain is variable in severity and site and may be excruciating
Unpredictable throughout life
Often precipitated by infection, physical environment, stress, menstrual cycle
Associated with fear and anxiety
Majority of patients manage at home and only require admission for severe pain or other complications
Appropriate management in the early stages will reduce length and severity of crisis

17. Management of acute sickle crisis
Analgesia
stepladder approach
Treat associated infection
Fluids
Monitor for acute complications

18. Infections in SCD
Most common cause of death in children but a major problem at all ages
Due to splenic dysfunction from sickle damage
occurs from a few months of age
especially with certain bacteria eg pneumococcal sepsis : 400 x  risk
Infection may be rapidly overwhelming

19. Infection in SCD prevention: aggressive treatment of infections
education
Penicillin from 3/12 age
Pneumococcal, Hib, Meningococcal vaccines
travel prophylaxis : malaria
aggressive treatment of infections

20. Acute sequestration crisis
Splenic
mostly < 2yrs
acute massive splenic enlargement,  Hb, shock
often associated with infection
significant mortality
requires emergency transfusion

21. TREATMENT FOR SCD
1 Folic acid and penicillen administration 2 analgesics 3 transfusion therapy 4 bone marrow transplant