1. CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763
EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

2. THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, AND EUROPE – SECTION 1
Ancient Cultures arrived about 22,000 years ago via a land bridge
Earliest settlers were hunters
Agriculture thrived starting about 5,000 years ago
Some Natives remained Nomadic
Maya, Aztec, and Inca societies flourished

3. NATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400S
Native American societies in North America were as varied as the geography
The Pueblo (SW) and Iroquois (NE) were two famous tribes
Most of the tribes in America had common religious views, trade patterns & values

4. WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S
Long established, sophisticated societies existed in Western Africa
The Kingdom of Songhai controlled trans-Sahara trade
Kingdom of Benin and Kongo were two famous dynasties
Village and family bonds formed the basis of life

5. EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S
European villages had a long tradition of social hierarchy – complete with nobles, merchants & peasants
Christianity played a critical role – religious leaders had power
Martin Luther

6. Christianity Shapes Europe
Christianity and Islam came into conflict.
Christian armies tried to push Muslims out of the Holy Land.
This became known as the Crusades.
Even after two centuries of fighting the Crusades were not successful.

7. The Reformation

8. Two Important Consequences of the Crusades:
Opened up Asian trade routes . . .
Weakened the power of European nobles . . .

9. The Reformation
The Reformation in the early 1500s led to a split in the church
Those who supported the Reformation were called Protestants.

11. During the 1400’s four major nations were taking shape in Europe
Portugal
Spain
France
England

12. The Renaissance A cultural awakening in Europe
The 14th century revival of classical art, architecture, literature and learning that originated in Italy and spread throughout Europe

13. The Printing Press helped spread the ideas of the Renaissance

14. EUROPEAN EXPLORATION
The countries of Portugal, Spain, France and England explored in the late 1400s for God, Gold, and Glory
Improved mapmaking, better sailboats, compasses, astrolabes, Prince Henry– all led to better exploration

15. Not a Space Race?

16. SPANISH NORTH AMERICA – SECTION 2
Columbus crosses the Atlantic in October of 1492 and lands in San Salvador (“Holy Savior”)
He spent about 3 months exploring Islands in the Bahamas
Europeans used advanced weapons to force locals into labor: Plantation System
Disease devastated Native population

17. IMPACT OF COLUMBUS
On Africans- Before slave trade ended in the 1800s, 10 million Africans taken
On Europeans- Biggest voluntary migration in world history
On Trade- Columbian Exchange meant new goods & products flowed between continents

18. The Columbian Biological Exchange
Old World to New World:
New World to Old World:
Diseases:
Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza The Common Cold
Syphilis
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19. The Columbian Biological Exchange
Old World to New World:
New World to Old World:
Animals:
Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens
Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs

20. The Columbian Biological Exchange
Old World to New World:
New World to Old World:
Plants:
Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass
Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Manioc (Tapioca) Guavas Avocados

21. SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE
Spanish explorers (Conquistadors) seized much of the Americas
Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico
Pizzaro conquered the Incas in Peru
Exploitation of local populations was significant – Encomienda System

22. The encomienda is a labor system that was employed mainly by the Spanish crown during the colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. In the encomienda, the crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. The receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith. In return, they could exact tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products, such as in corn, wheat or chickens.

24. SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST AND WESTERN AMERICA
Mid-1500s, Spain explored much of what is today the SW & West of the USA
New Mexico settled by Spanish priest who converted Natives (Pueblos)
Texas area had 30 expeditions in 16th century
California was site of numerous missions
California Missions

25. The Spanish missions in California comprise a series of religious and military outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order between 1769 and 1823 to spread the Christian faith among the local Native Americans.

26. The missions represented the first major effort by Europeans to colonize the Pacific Coast region, and gave Spain a valuable toehold in the frontier land. The settlers introduced European livestock, fruits, vegetables, cattle, horses and ranching into the California region; however, the Spanish occupation of California also brought with it serious negative consequences to the Native American populations with whom the missionaries came in contact.

27. The government of Mexico shut down the missions in the 1830s
The government of Mexico shut down the missions in the 1830s. In the end, the mission had mixed results in its objective to convert, educate, and "civilize" the indigenous population and transforming the natives into Spanish colonial citizens.

31. What are the negative outcomes of the mission system?
Page 20

32. Why was Pope punished.
Page 20

33. Where is Spain’s influence most notable in the U.S. today?
Page 20

34. EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – SECTION 3
Beginning in the early 1600s, the English established colonies along the eastern coast of North America
1607: Jamestown was first to be settled
John Smith led this group of settlers
Colony struggled at first, then was saved by Tobacco crop

35. What is an indentured servant?
refers to the historical practice of contracting to work for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities during the term of indenture.

36. First enslaved Africans arrived in Virginia in 1619.

37. What was the conflict about in Virginia?

38. Nathaniel Bacon
Bacon’s Rebellion

39. PURITANS CREATE A “NEW ENGLAND”
The 16th century Reformation caused a split in the Christian Church; Catholics and Protestants
One extreme group of Protestant reformers – the Puritans sought to cleanse or “purify” their religion of all traces of Catholicism
PURITAN, OR “PILGRIM”

40. What was the goal of the Puritans?

41. Who was John Winthrop?
. . . A city upon a hill.

42. Why did the Puritan’s come to this new world
Why did the Puritan’s come to this new world? Were they tolerant of other religious beliefs?

43. What is a dissenter?
Who was Roger Williams
Who was Anne Hutchinson

44. COLONISTS MEET RESISTANCE
New England Colonists (Puritans) soon conflicted with the Native Americans over land & religion
King Philip’s War was fought in 1675 between the Natives and Puritans ending a year later with many dead and the Natives retreating

45. SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIES
Dominated by Dutch and Quaker settlers, the Middle Colonies were founded in the mid-1600s
William Penn led Quakers as they colonized Pennsylvania and Delaware

46. ENGLAND’S COLONIES PROSPER
Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, more British Colonies were established
By 1752, the English Crown had assumed more & more responsibility for the 13 colonies
Mercantilism & Navigation Acts were two such ways that the English government controlled the colonies
King George III

47. MERCANTILISM: AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO INCREASE THEIR WEALTH BY OBTAINING GOLD & SILVER AND WITH A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE
MERCANTILISM

48. NAVIGATION ACTS
1651- England’s Parliament passed a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts
These laws restricted the colonies shipping & trade
Ships, destinations, crews, goods: All strictly regulated by the English
The colonies were developing a spirit of self-determination. Therefore, they were NOT happy with these restrictions

49. 3. Commodities such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton wool which were produced in the colonies could be exported only to British ports
1. Only British ships could transport imported and exported goods from the colonies.
2. The only people who were allowed to trade with the colonies had to be British citizens.

50. THE COLONIES COME OF AGE – SECTION 4
New England, Middle Colonies, and the South – all developed distinct economies and societies
In the South, rural Plantations with a single cash crop were common
Small Southern farmers (Germans, Scots, Irish) and African slaves made up the majority of people
Southern Plantation

51. THE MIDDLE PASSAGE
During the 17th century, Africans endured a transatlantic crossing from Africa to the North American Colonies
Cruelty characterized the months long journey – 13% died on route

52. AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF THEIR CULTURE
Despite enslavement, Africans coped with the horrors of slavery via music, dance, and storytelling
Slaves also resisted their position of subservience by faking illness, breaking tools, or work slowdowns
Others were more radical and tried escape & revolt

53. NORTHERN COLONIES COMMERCE THRIVES
The development of cities, expansion of trade, and diverse economies gradually made the North radically different from the South
Philly was the 2nd largest British port
Farming differed from the South: smaller, more diverse crops in North
LIBERTY BELL

54. THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE GREAT AWAKENING
1700s: An intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment began in Europe and a religious movement known as the Great Awakening started in the Colonies
The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and observation and led to the discovery of natural laws
Copernicus, Galileo, Franklin and Newton were key figures

55. RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT AWAKENING
A series of religious revivals aimed at restoring devotion & piety swept through the colonies in the mid-1700s
Jonathan Edwards was a Puritan priest from New England who was instrumental in the movement
Fire & Brimstone style of worship; large, emotionally charged crowds
Like the Enlightenment the movement stressed the importance of the individual

56. FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY NAT YOUNGBLOOD
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
Competition in North America led to a war ( ) between old rivals France and England
The French in North America were tradesmen (furs) not long-term inhabitants
Ohio River valley was the site of the conflict
The Colonists supported the British while the Natives supported the French
FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY NAT YOUNGBLOOD

57. BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD ENEMY
While the French had early victories, the British led by William Pitt and George Washington eventually defeated the French
Treaty of Paris ends the war in 1763
Brits claim most of North America including Florida (from French ally Spain) & Canada
Native Americans also realized a French loss was a Native American loss
WILLIAM PITT ON A COIN

59. PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763
To avoid further costly conflicts with Native Americans, the British government prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
The Proclamation established a line along the Appalachian that colonists could not cross (They did anyway)