1. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Chapter 7 Upgrading Memory (v0.1)

2. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e2 ROM Read-Only Memory) –In firmware on motherboard; e.g., ROM BIOS –Non-volatile (retains data after PC is turned off)

3. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e3 ROM on the System Board Consists of memory on chips that contain permanent programs –Flash ROM (also called EEPROM or electrically erasable programmable ROM) chips do allow their programs to be changed Contains the programming the computer uses to boot itself Contains much of the BIOS

4. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e4 RAM Random Access Memory) –Holds data and instructions used by CPU –Volatile (data does not persist after PC is turned off)

5. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e5 Physical Memory - RAM Primary storage Two categories SRAM (static RAM) DRAM (dynamic RAM)

6. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e6 Static RAM (SRAM) Provides faster access than DRAM because data does not need to be constantly rewritten to SRAM –SRAM chips are made up of transistors that can hold a charge –DRAM chips are made of capacitors that must be periodically recharged

7. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e7 DRAM Technology The data is stored in arrays of capacitors Must be periodically charged to keep the data intact –Known as refreshing

8. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e8 DRAM Characteristics During the refresh cycle no data exchange can occur DRAM speed ratings –Access times – nanoseconds Faster DRAM has lower access times –Megahertz

9. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e9 DRAM Technologies Rows and columns of capacitors RAS & CAS –Row Address Strobe –Column Address Strobe –Select a row and column to read a specific location

10. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e10 DRAM Module

11. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e11 Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Older DRAM worked asynchronously with system bus Newer DRAM works synchronously with system bus –Retrieves data faster as it keeps time with system clock

12. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e12 Bank Size Smallest group of working memory chips Determined by the width of the CPU’s data bus Example: – Pentium 4 has a data bus width of 64 bits Determines the number of RAM modules needed to upgrade RAM

13. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e13 Bank Size Example Pentium 4 data bus width is 64 bits The data width of a DIMM module is 64 bits A minimum of only one DIMM module is needed DIMM modules can be added in increments of one module at a time

14. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e14 Error Checking and Parity Parity: error-checking based on an extra (ninth) bit –Odd and even parity –Not very reliable (50%) –Not used in current RAM technology ECC (error-correcting code) –Detects and corrects an error in a single bit –Application: ECC makes 64-bit DIMM a 72-bit module

15. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e15 CAS Latency and RAS Latency Two ways of measuring speed CAS stands for “column access strobe” RAS stands for “row access strobe” Both types measure read/write clock cycles –Two or three clock cycles per column or row of data CAS latency is used more than RAS latency

16. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e16 System Methods of Detecting Memory Type During Bootup Parallel Presence Detect (PPD) –Uses resistors to communicate the type of memory present Serial Presence Detect (SPD) –Stores information about the memory type in EPROM

17. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e17 RAM Rackaging RAM is packaged in modules –DIMM –RIMM –SIMMs

18. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e18 Figure 7-1 DRAM on most motherboards today is stored on DIMMs

19. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e19 RAM Packaging Differences among DIMM, RIMM, and SIMM modules –Width of the data path each module accommodates –The way data moves from system bus to the module

20. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e20 Tin or Gold Leads Connectors inside memory slots are tin or gold –Edge connectors on memory modules follow suit Tin leads should match tin connectors Gold leads should match gold connectors –Prevents corrosive chemical reactions between metals

21. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e21 Figure 7-2 Types of memory modules

22. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e22 SIMM Technologies SIMMS have a either an 8 bit or a 32-bit data path Speeds (access times): 60, 70, 80 nanoseconds (ns) –Smaller number indicates greater speed RAM technologies supported –Fast page mode, EDO

23. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e23 DIMM Technologies DIMM (dual inline memory module) –Has independent pins on opposite sides of module –Can have memory chips on one or two sides –Has 168, 184, or 240 pins on edge connector –Has a 64-bit data path –A DIMM module holds 8 MB - 2 GB RAM RAM technologies supported –SDRAM, DDR, DDR2, DDR3

24. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e24 Notebook PC Memory SDRAM –144 pin SO-DIMM DDR –200 pin SO-DIMM DDR-2 –214 pin SO-DIMM

25. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e25 DIMM Technologies Buffered and registered DIMMs –Hold data and amplify a signal before data is written –Unbuffered DIMM: no support of buffers or registers –SDRAM modules use registers –FB-DIMM is fully buffered –Notches on module indicate supported technologies

26. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e26 Dual Channeling Controller communicates with 2 DIMMs at same time Example: two 64-bit DIMMs form 128- bit data path DIMM pairs must have same size, speed, features

27. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e27 Dual Channeling

28. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e28 Figure 7-3 The positions of two notches on a SDRAM DIMM identify the type of DIMM and the voltage requirement and also prevent the wrong type from being installed on the motherboard

29. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e29 RIMM Technologies Direct Rambus DRAM (RDRAM or Direct RDRAM) –Uses RIMM memory modules –Expensive and slower than current DIMMs C-RIMM (Continuity RIMM): placeholder module

30. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e30 SDRAM Technology Works in step with the system clock on the local bus –Synchronous operation 64 bit wide data path Uses DIMM modules

31. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e31 SDRAM DIMM’s Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) –Uses 168 pin DIMM’s DDR (Double Data Rate) –Uses 184 pin DIMM’s DDR2 & DDR3 –Use 240 pin DIMM’s

32. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e32 SDRAM Standard SDRAM –Runs at same speed as system bus –Up to 1.8 GB/sec data transfer rate –Width of data path: 64 bits (50% faster than its predecessor, EDO memory)

33. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e33 DDR RAM Also known as SDRAM II Twice the data transfer rate of SDRAM Up to 3.2 GB/sec data transfer rate Can be placed in dual channel configuration 2.5v rating

34. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e34 SDRAM Variations (cont.) DDR2 –Twice the data transfer rate of DDR Up to 6.4 GB/sec data throughput –Can use two channels to transfer data –Use 1.8v (use less power) Generates less heat than DDR’s –240 pin DIMM package

35. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e35 SDRAM Variations (cont) DDR3 –Twice as fast as DDR2 Up to 12.8 GB/sec throughput –Lower voltage than DDR2 (1.5v) Less heat generated –240 pin DIMM package DIMM is keyed differently from DDR2 DIMMs

36. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e36

37. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e37 Memory Speeds Measures Used –Access time Measured in nanoseconds (ns) –MHz –PC rating

38. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e38 PC Rating Indicates the total bandwidth between module and CPU Effective Clock Speed (mhz) x 8 bytes Example: –For PC3200 DDR 400 MHz x 8 bytes = 3200 MB/sec = PC3200

39. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e39 How to Upgrade Memory The basic technique: add more RAM modules Problems solved with new memory: –Slow performance –Applications refusing to load –An unstable system Note empty memory slots on most new computers –Accommodate new DIMM modules

40. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e40 How Much and What Kind of Memory to Buy Questions to ask before performing an upgrade: –How much memory do I need? –How much RAM is currently installed in my system? –How many memory modules are currently installed? –What kind of memory modules are currently installed? –How much memory can I fit on my motherboard? –What kind of memory can I fit on my motherboard? –How do I select and purchase the right memory? Refer to system utilities to determine capacity Motherboard documentation guides choice of add-ons

41. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e41 Rules for Dual Channel Setup Both modules must be the same capacity Both modules must have the same speed Both must have the same number of chips on them

42. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e42 Figure 7-16 Selecting memory off the Crucial Web site

43. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e43 Figure 7-20 Installing a DIMM module

44. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e44 Troubleshooting Memory Common problems: –Boot failure –A system that hangs, freezes, or becomes unstable –Intermittent application errors General Protection Fault (GPF) errors –Caused by memory errors in Windows

45. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e45 Upgrade Problems Dealing with unrecognized add-on or error message –Remove and reinstall the module –Check for the suitability of the module for the board –Ensure that the module is the correct size –Remove the module and check for error message –Test the module in another socket –Clean the module edge connectors –Try flashing BIOS

46. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e46 Recurring Problems Symptoms of an unreliable memory: –The system locks up –Error messages about illegal operations often display –General Protection Faults occur during normal operation Some troubleshooting tasks –Run updated antivirus software to check for viruses –Replace memory modules one at a time –Try uninstalling the new hardware –Test, reseat, or replace RAM –Verify that virtual memory settings are optimized