1. Milady’s Standard Cosmetology HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN17
Copyright © by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning,Inc.

2. ANATOMY OF THE SKIN
Dermatology—deals with the study of skin and its nature, structure, functions, diseases, and treatment
Dermatologist—a physician engaged in dermatology
Esthetician—a specialist in the cleansing, preservation of health, and beautification of the skin and body

3. HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN
The skin is the largest and one of the most important organs of the body.
Healthy skin
is slightly moist.
is soft and flexible.
has smooth and fine-grained texture.
possesses slightly acid reaction.
Appendages of the skin:
Hair
Nails
Sweat and oil glands

4. HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN Epidermis
Outermost layer, commonly called cuticle or scarf skin thinnest layer of skin; forms protective covering; contains no blood vessels
Dermis
Inner layer of skin, called derma, corium, or true skin; about 25 times thicker than the epidermis and is highly sensitive
Figure 17-1

5. EPIDERMIS
Stratum corneum—horny outer layer. Its scale-like cells are constantly shed and replaced. Cells contain protein keratin and combine with thin covering of oil to make the skin almost waterproof.
Stratum lucidum—clear, transparent layer consisting of small cells through which light can pass.

6. EPIDERMIS
Stratum granulosum—granular layer in which cells look like granules. Cells are almost dead and are pushed to the skin’s surface to replace those that are shed from the stratum corneum.
Stratum germinativum—formerly known as stratum mucosum; deepest layer, responsible for growth of the epidermis; contains pigment called melanin, also found in hair. Pigment in this layer protects skin cells from ultraviolet rays by cells called melanocytes that produce melanin.

7. DERMIS
Papillary layer—lies directly beneath the epidermis; contains small cone-shaped projections (called papillae) of elastic tissue that point upward to the epidermis. Some papillae contain looped capillaries. Others contain nerve fiber endings for the sense of touch called tactile corpuscles; contains melanin.
Reticular layer—contains fat cells, blood and lymph vessels, sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, and arrector pili muscles. Supplies skin with oxygen and nutrients.

8. HOW SKIN IS NOURISHED
Blood and lymph circulate through skin and contribute essential material for growth, nourishment, and repair of skin, hair, and nails.

9. NERVES OF THE SKIN
Motor nerve fibers—distributed to arrector pili muscles
Sensory nerve fibers—react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain; send messages to the brain; found in papillary layer; abundant in fingertips
Secretory nerve fibers—distributed to sweat and oil glands; regulate excretion of perspiration and control flow of sebum to the surface of the skin

10. SKIN COLOR Figure 17-3 Skin color depends on blood supply.
Melanin, the pigment deposited inside the stratum germinativum and the papillary layer in the dermis.
Hereditary traits vary among races and nationalities.
Dark skin contains more melanin; light skin contains less.
Figure 17-3

11. STRENGTH and FLEXIBILITY
Collagen
Fibrous protein that gives skin form and strength
Elastin
Protein base that forms elastic tissue

12. GLANDS OF THE SKIN SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS Also called sweat glands
Have coiled base and tube-like duct to skin surface
Are numerous on palms, soles, forehead, and armpits
Regulate body temperature
Help eliminate waste
Eliminate 1 to 2 pints of salty liquid daily; controlled by the nervous system

13. GLANDS OF THE SKIN SEBACEOUS GLANDS These are oil glands.
They are little sacs that open to skin’s surface.
They secrete sebum.
They are found everywhere except on palms and soles.
Sebum flows from ducts to follicles.
If duct is clogged, oil will harden and a blackhead will form.

14. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

15. SENSORY NERVE ENDINGS OF THE SKIN
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
SENSORY NERVE ENDINGS OF THE SKIN
Figure 17-5

16. AGING OF THE SKIN The sun The environment Health habits
General lifestyle
Cigarette smoking has been linked to premature aging and wrinkling.

17. SUN AND ITS EFFECTS SUN EFFECT
80% to 85% of aging is caused by the sun’s rays.
UVA rays
Aging rays
90% of sun’s ultraviolet rays
UVB rays
Burning rays
Effects on melanocytes, cells that produce melanin

18. SUN AND ITS EFFECTS PRECAUTIONS Wear protective lotion
Avoid sun exposure during peak hours
Apply sunscreen liberally after swimming
Avoid exposing children under six months
Wear hat and protective clothing outdoors

19. SKIN AGING AND THE ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Pollutants from factories
Emissions from automobiles
Secondhand cigarette smoke
DEFENSE
Good daily skin care routine
Washing and exfoliating
Using moisturizers, protective lotions, foundation

20. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN Primary lesions (LEE-zhuns) Figure 17-6 Bulla
Cyst
Macule
Papule
Pustule
Tubercle
Tumor
Vesicle
Wheal
Figure 17-6

21. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN Secondary lesions Crust Excoriation Fissure
Keloid
Scale
Erosion
Ulcer
Figure 17-10

22. SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
Comedone—blackhead; worm-like mass of hardened sebum in hair follicle
Milia—whiteheads caused by accumulation of sebaceous matter beneath skin
Figure

23. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN Figure 17-14 SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
Acne—skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from retained secretions
Seborrhea—excessive secretion of sebaceous glands
Figure 17-14

24. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN Figure 17-15 SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
Asteatosis—excessive dryness; scaly skin; partial deficiency of sebum
Rosacea—chronic congestion appearing primarily on the cheeks and nose
Steatoma—tumor in the subcutanous tissue filled with sebum ranging in size from a pea to an orange
Figure 17-15

25. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN SUDORIFEROUS (SWEAT) GLANDS
Anhidrosis (an-hih-DROH-sis)—lack of perspiration, often a result of fever
Bromhidrosis (broh-mih-DROH-sis)—foul smelling perspiration

26. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
Hyperhidrosis (hy-per-hy-DROH-sis)—excessive perspiration
Miliaria rubra—prickly heat; an acute disorder characterized by eruption of small red vesicles resulting in burning and itching; caused by excessive heat

27. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN SKIN INFLAMMATIONS
Dermatitis—inflammatory condition of skin with lesions
Eczema (EG- zuh-muh)—skin inflammation of acute or chronic nature, presenting many forms of dry or moist lesions; accompanied by itching or burning
Figure 17-16

28. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN Figure 17 -18
Herpes simplex—recurring virus infection, commonly called fever blisters
Psoriasis (suh-RY-uh-sis)—common, chronic, inflammatory skin disease found on scalp, elbows, knees, and chest
Figure

29. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN OCCUPATIONAL DISORDERS
Abnormal conditions can result from contact with chemicals or tints.
Allergies can be developed to ingredients in cosmetics, antiseptics, perm solutions, and aniline derivative tints.
These can cause dermatitis venenata–eruptive skin infections.
To prevent, use rubber gloves and protective creams.

30. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN PIGMENTATIONS OF THE SKIN
Lentigines—freckles; small yellow- to brown-colored spots on parts exposed to sunlight and air
Leukoderma—abnormal white patches in the skin due to congenital defective pigmentation
Nevus—birthmark
Stains—abnormal brown skin patches having a circular or irregular shape; occur during aging, after certain diseases, and after disappearance of moles, freckles, and liver spots

31. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN PIGMENTATIONS OF THE SKIN
Tan—caused by exposure of the sun
Chloasma—increased deposits of pigment in the skin; found mainly on forehead, nose, and cheeks; also called moth patches or liver spots
Albinism—the absence of melanin pigment of the body, skin, hair, and eyes
Vitiligo—acquired condition of leukoderma affecting skin or hair

32. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN HYPERTROPHIES OF THE SKIN
Keratoma—an acquired thickened patch of skin or epidermis due to pressure of friction on hands and feet. If it grows inward, it is called a corn.
Mole—small, brownish spot or blemish on the skin, believed to be inherited; range in color from pale tan to brown to bluish black. Some are small and flat; others are raised and darker. DO NOT REMOVE HAIR FROM MOLES.

33. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN HYPERTROPHIES OF THE SKIN
Skin tag—small brown or flesh-colored outgrowth of the skin
Verruca (vuh-ROO-kuh) or wart—caused by a virus and is infectious; can spread from one location to another, particularly along a scratch in the skin

34. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN SKIN CANCER
Basal cell carcinoma (kar-sin-OH-muh)
Figure 17-23

35. DISORDERS OF THE SKIN SKIN CANCER Squamous (SKWAY-mus) cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma (mel-uh-NOH-muh)
Figure 17-25

36. MAINTAINING HEALTH OF THE SKIN
VITAMINS and SUPPLEMENTS
Vitamin A
Aids in health, function, and repair of skin cells
Is an antioxidant that can help prevent skin cancer
Can improve skin’s elasticity
Known as retinoic acid or Retin-A as a prescription cream
Vitamin C
Needed for proper repair of skin and tissues
Speeds up healing process
Promotes collagen production

37. MAINTAINING HEALTH OF THE SKIN
VITAMINS and SUPPLEMENTS
Vitamin D
Promotes healthy skin
Promotes rapid healing of the skin
Vitamin E
Helps to heal damage to skin’s tissues
Topically, helps heal structural damage to skin

38. MAINTAINING HEALTH OF THE SKIN
VITAMINS and SUPPLEMENTS
Water
Composes 50% to 70% of body’s weight
Sustains health of the cells
Aids in elimination of toxins and waste
Helps regulate body’s temperature
Average person’s needs—8 to 10 (8 ounces) glasses of water a day
Dehydration
Slows metabolism
75% of Americans chronically dehydrated

39. SKIN DISEASE DEFINITIONS
disease—any departure from normal state of health
acute disease—one with symptoms of a more or less violent character such as fever
chronic disease—one of long duration, mild but recurring
infectious disease—due to bacterial or viral germs resulting from contact with contaminated objects
contagious—communicable by contact
congenital—born with it

40. SKIN DISEASE DEFINITIONS
seasonal—influenced by weather
occupational—due to certain kinds of employment that involve coming in contact with chemicals and the like
parasitic disease—one caused by parasites (ringworm)
pathogenic disease—produced by disease-causing bacteria (staph or strep viruses)
systemic—due to under- or overfunctioning of internal glands; may be caused by a faulty diet

41. SKIN DISEASE DEFINITIONS
venereal disease—contagious, caused by contact with an infected person during sexual intercourse
epidemic—simultaneously attacks a large number of people living in a particular locality (flu, smallpox)
allergy—a sensitivity to normally harmless substances such as cosmetics, medicines, tints, and certain foods
inflammation—characterized by redness, pain, swelling, or heat

42. SUMMARY
The skin is the largest organ of the body and protects us from the environment.
It regulates body temperature and provides sensation.
Skin can be affected quite easily by most salon services.
It is important that you know what products can penetrate the skin and what effects they will have on your clients.
By learning to identify various diseases and disorders of the skin, you will be able to provide more effective and safe services for your clients.