1. Theories of Democracy Consider: Is democracy the best system of government? Homework: Collaborize and Assignment 2 for tomorrow

2. Types of Government Monarchy Aristocracy Totalitarianism Oligarchy Democracy Direct democracy, Representative democracy 1.2

3. Theories of Democracy (?) “It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except for all the others that have been tried.” “The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the average voter.” - - Churchill

4. What is Democracy? Certain basic principles are necessary in any definition of democracy. –Free and fair elections between competing political parties How do we define “free”, “fair” and/or a legitimate competition? –Majority rule while preserving minority rights –Freedom of expression – within limits Can you “flip off” a cop? –Freedom of assembly and the right to protest Are we missing anything?

5. 3 Types of Democracy -Direct Democracy -Aka Participatory Democracy -Representative Democracy -Aka Republics -Elite Democracy -Aka Revisionist Democracy

6. Direct Democracy δημοκρατ ί α – demokratia –Rule by the people Built on the Athenian model. Still present in US town hall meetings. “A democracy is nothing more than mob rule, where fifty-one percent of the people may take away the rights of the other forty-nine.” - Jefferson Is this practical in modern America? –Problems, solutions

7. Representative Democracy “Delegate” representation –Citizens elect political leaders who will represent their preferences. –Majoritarian politics: Need these 3 people express their desires clearly leaders know what the people want it can actually be done Assumptions: –Voters are aware. –Voters are rational. –Voters are tolerant. –Voters are informed.

8. Assignment 3: Monday

9. Representative Democracy Problems: Tyranny of the Majority Examples in US history? Complexity of Issues “You just don’t understand...” Utility of voting Does it matter?

10. Elitist Democracy aka, The Masses are A#%es What does this mean? “Trustee” Representation Voters should select those most able to run the government and trust that they will make the best decisions, relatively independently. –Only elites should have any real power over government policy. –Who are these “elites”? –Most individuals are too ignorant, unaware, or apathetic to have an informed role. “Democracy consists of choosing your dictators, after they've told you what you think it is you want to hear.”- Alan Coren

11. Delegate vs. Trustee At what times, or for which issues, should our elected officials act as delegates? When should they only act as trustees? Can we agree on these points?

12. Who (Really) Has the Power? Marxist perspective perceive that government is dominated by capitalists. –Examples from US history to refute? The Power elite perspective holds that government is dominated by a few top leaders, but not just economic leaders, Most are outside of government; Eisenhower’s MIC would fit here –The bureaucratic view (Weber) –holds that the government is dominated by appointed officials. –Why/how would bureaucrats “rule from the desk?

13. Eisenhower Farewell Speech (1961)

14. Pluralism An optimistic view of the democratic process Pluralist view is the belief that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy. –How are political resources distributed? No single group dominates the political process. –Competing interests often check each other, result is compromise –Win-Win, or Lose-Lose?

15. Hyperpluralism A more pessimistic view –There are so many groups, whether elite or not, that act or influence government, that action is difficult, if not impossible. –Multitude of competing interests causes gridlock and inaction. The political system is out of control because the government tries to please every interest and allows them to dictate policy in their area. –Since all interest groups try to protect their self-interest, the policies that result from their pressure are haphazard and ill- conceived.

16. Critiquing Democracy Most can agree that our nation has problems that, at times, it struggles to solve –Is our current democratic structure able to meet these challenges in the 21 st century? Examining aspects: Free, fair elections Separation of powers Majority rule Lobbying (Interest Groups/PACs) Campaign finance Congress The Supreme Court The Presidency