1. 1534 - 1663 Colonization in New France

2. A map of the world in the 16 th century

3. Why did Europeans explore new lands? In the late 15 th century, European States were looking for new ways to reach Asia. They didn’t want to have to deal with Genoese, Venetian and Turkish merchants. Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first to circumnavigate Africa and reach India.

4. Vasco de Gama (1469-1524) Source: burdosclassroom.org Source: wikipedia.org

5. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Source: wikipedia.org Columbus landing on the island of Hispaniola Source: wikipedia.org

6. European colonial empires The new territories Spain and Portugal found allowed them to build colonial empires. Mother country: A state that possesses colonies or territories outside its own land. Colony: a territory subjected to the domination of a foreign state, which exploits it.

7. Two types of colonies TradingSettlement Natural resources are exploited and traded. Requires only a small population to maintain. Exploiting natural resources and settling colonists. Europeans permanently settled there and formed an organized society.

8. Colonies existed to make their mother country rich 16 th century merchant ship Source: civilization.ca

9. The first French people in North America France also wanted to have its own colonial empire. Jacques Cartier left France on April 20 th, 1534 to find resources and a new route to Asia. On July 24 th, he placed a cross on the site of present-day Gaspé to proclaim the land as a French possession.

10. Cartier would make two other voyages. On the third voyage, Cartier attempted to convert Natives and establish a settlement colony. The colony was never established because of conflicts with the Natives. Because of wars in France and Cartier’s setbacks, the French abandoned their exploration of the Saint-Lawrence Valley.

11. THE FUR TRADE

12. The fur trade In the beginning of the 16 th century, European fishermen were going to the shores of Newfoundland. While they were on land to dry the fish, they traded with Natives. The Natives gave them furs in exchange for objects.

13. Fur Trade Furs were prized in Europe. Beaver fur was becoming especially rare in Europe because of intense hunting. Stretched beaver pelt Source: halton.ca

14. Fur Trade Felt hats were in fashion with rich nobles in Europe. A lot of money was to be made with beaver pelts.

15. The Fur Trade New France would serve as a way of making France rich (mercantilism). Between 1599 and 1627, France would grant monopolies to people or chartered companies in order to exploit the furs. The deal: monopoly holders had to bring over a certain number of colonists to develop the colony.

16. Vocabulary Terms Monopoly: having an exclusive right to exploit something (no one else can) Chartered company: a group of merchants who paid for trade voyages to Asia or North America.

17. St-Lawrence Valley Why were the French settlements along the banks of the St- Lawrence Valley?

18. St-Lawrence Valley The settlements depended on supplies that would arrive by ships. There were no roads; travel by river was faster.

19. An Important alliance 1603: French ally with the Montagnais. Trade alliance came with military alliance. 1609 – First Franco-Iroquois confrontation

20. Important Alliance Why did the French want to ally with Aboriginal peoples? To trade with them. To gain military allies. To gain knowledge about the land.

21. The Church and colonization In 1611, the Jesuit order established itself in New France. > They specialized in education and evangelization. In 1615, the Récollets arrived. > They performed religious services.

22. Missionaries Missionaries taught the Catholic religion to the Natives. The French wanted to convert them. They also wanted them to live sedentary lives like the French settlers.

23. Settling New France Population in 1627: 107 people composed of: 96 men 11 men What is the problem here? No population growth, no development

24. Causes of low population Harsh weather Iroquois threats Lack of roads Isolated from France Men not interested in becoming farmers. A Coureur des bois

25. Revitalizing the colony Problem: Chartered companies neglected settlement in favour of the fur trade. Solution: Creation of the Company of One Hundred Associates by Cardinal Richelieu in 1627. Source: Wikipedia.org.

26. Company of One Hundred Associates As a business, their goal was to make a profit.

27. Company of One Hundred Associates They would have a monopoly of the fur trade. They were supervised by the French State. Mandate: - evangelize aboriginal peoples - settle the colony - exploit natural resources Goal: bring over 4000 Catholic colonists in 15 years

28. Did they succeed? No. Causes: -Franco-English rivalries English captured Quebec City in 1629 but France recaptured it in 1632. The Company was weighed down by a debt; not able to equip more ships.

29. Royal Government of 1663

30. In 1663, the colony of New France barely had 3000 people. King Louis XIV placed New France under his direct control.

32. Louis XIV appointed Jean-Baptiste Colbert as naval minister to encourage the colony’s settlement. Jean Talon was appointed as intendant in New France. Intendant Jean Talon

33. Increasing the population The French State wanted to increase the population so: - traders had to bring over engagés (apprentices) on their ships. - soldiers of the Carignan-Salières regiment were encouraged to settle down in New France. - officers were offered seigneuries.

34. Increasing the population - To fix the problem of men outnumbering women, the Filles du Roy were sent over from France. - These orphan girls were sent over and expected to marry colonists.

35. Increasing the population - The French State also provided a dowry (goods given to the women) to poor girls and Aboriginal women who converted to Catholicism who married Frenchmen. - Rewards were also given to families with many children.

36. Did the measures work? Between 1663 and 1673, New France’s population grew from 3500 to 7400 inhabitants. By the end of the 17 th century, the balance between men and women was achieved. The population would end up doubling every 30 years.

37. Seigneurial System

38. As of 1627, the land in New France was organized in this manner. At first, the Company of 100 Associates distributed the first seigneuries. Given to: nobles, administrators, the bourgeois, officers and religious orders. Those receiving seigneuries would be seigneurs.

39. Seigneuries in New France

40. Aerial view of Île d’Orléans

41. Seigneurial System (continued) Each seigneurie was divided into parcels (censives). Peasants (censitaires) would be given censives. Both seigneurs and censitaires had obligations.

42. Obligations SeigneurCensitaire Swear loyalty to king of France. Reserve metal ores and oaks for the king’s use. Inform authorities about the state of the seigneurie. Pay the state 1/5 of the value of sale of the seigneurie to the State when selling the seigneurie. Pay annual rent to seigneur. Clear his land. Mill his grain at the seigneurial mill and pay milling tax. Work 3 days a year for the seigneur without pay. Maintain the seigneurie’s roads that passed through their land.