1. Chapter 8: MUSICAL TEXTURE  Musical texture refers to how many different layers of sound are heard at once and what kind of layers they are Monophonic – one sound Polyphonic – pg. 63  Also called “counterpoint” Homophonic – pg. 64 Row, Row, Row Your Boat

2. Chapter 9: MUSICAL FORM  Form – the organization of musical elements in time  Techniques to create form: Repetition - creates a sense of unity. Contrast - forward motion, conflict, and change of mood all come from contrast. Variation - some of the features of a musical idea will be retained while others are changed.

3.  Types of Form: three-part form (ternary): ABA This form is also known as “Sonata Form” (A) - The exposition or first statement (B) - The development of this material (A) - The recapitulation of the exposition  Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star

4. LISTENING TO ABA FORM  “Dance of the Reed Pipes” from Nutcracker Suite Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

5.  Two-part form (binary): AB

6. LISTENING FOR AB FORM  “Forlane” from Suite No. 1 in C Major for Orchestra Johann Sebastian Bach

7.  Rondo Form - (A B A C A D A E A) Statement A is “brought back” after each contrasting section.

8.  Forms can also be varied, complicated Example: A B A abacdc aba

9. LISTENING FOR FORM  “Maple Leaf Rag” Scott Joplin A A BB A C C DD