1. Discrete Random Variables 2 To understand and calculate with cumulative distribution functions To be able to calculate the mean or expected value of a discrete random variable To be able to calculate the variance of a discrete random variable

2. Cumulative Distribution Function The probability that X is less than or equal to x is written as F(x) F(x) = P(X x) 2 coins are thrown. X is the number of heads Sample space HH, HT, TH, TT Cumulative distribution function x012 P(X=x)¼½¼ F(x)¼¾1

3. Problem 1 F(x) = (x + k) x = 1,2,3 8 a)Find k b)Write down the distribution table for the cumulative distribution function c)Write down F(2.6) d)Find the probability distribution of X

4. Problem 1 - Solution F(x) = (x + k) x = 1,2,3 8 a)Find k F(3) = 1 so 3 + k = 1 therefore 3+k = 8 and k=5 8 b) F(2) = 2 + 5 = 7 8 8 F(1) = 1 + 5 = 6 8 8 x123 F(x) 6/86/8 7/87/8 1

5. Problem 1 - Solution F(x) = (x + k) x = 1,2,3 8 c) F(2.6) means P(X2.6) = F(2) = 7 / 8 d) x123 F(x) 6/86/8 1/81/8 1/81/8

6. Mean or Expected value of a DRV NB p(x) is the same as P(X=x) Expected value of X = E(X) = ΣxP(X=x) = Σxp(x) Statistics experiment Collect data Frequency distribution Mean value Σfx Σx Theoretical approach Probability distribution Expected value Σxp(x)

7. Problem 1 A survey of 100 houses is conducted about the number of TV sets a)Calculate the mean number of sets b)Find the probability distribution where X is the number of TV sets in a house picked at random c)Calculate the expected value of X No of sets0123 Frequency1075105

8. Problem 1 - Solution A survey of 100 houses is conducted about the number of TV sets a)Calculate the mean number of sets Mean value Σfx = 0 + 75 + 20 + 15 = 110 = 1.1 Σx 100 100 No of sets0123 Frequency1075105 x0123 p(x)0.10.750.100.05 b) c) Expected value of X = Σxp(x) Σxp(x) = 0 + 0.75 + 0.20 + 0.15 = 1.1 Note that the mean value = E(X) = 1.1 E(X) is sometimes called the mean of X

9. Problem 2 Given that E(X)=3 write 2 equations involving p and q and solve the find the value of p and q. x12345 p(x)0.1p0.3q0.2

10. Problem 2 - Solution Given that E(X)=3 write 2 equations involving p and q and solve the find the value of p and q. x12345 p(x)0.1p0.3q0.2 0.1 + p + 0.3 + q + 0.2 = 1 p + q + 0.6 = 1 p + q = 0.4 0.1 + 2p + 0.9 + 4q + 1 = 3 2p + 4q + 2 = 3 2p + 4q = 1

11. Problem 2 - Solution Given that E(X)=3 write 2 equations involving p and q and solve the find the value of p and q. x12345 p(x)0.1p0.3q0.2 p + q = 0.4 and so p = 0.4 - q Substitute into 2p + 4q = 1 2(0.4 – q) + 4q = 1 0.8 – 2q + 4q = 1 0.8 + 2q = 1 2q = 0.2 and q = 0.1 p = 0.3

12. Problem 3 – Expected value of X² E(X²) = Σx²p(x) E(X n ) = Σx n p(x) A discrete random variable X has a probability distribution x1234 P(X=x) 12 / 25 6 / 25 4 / 25 3 / 25 a) Write down the probability distribution for X² b) Find E(X²)

13. Problem 3 – Solution a) x1234 x²x²14916 P(X=x) 12 / 25 6 / 25 4 / 25 3 / 25 a) E(X²) = Σx²p(X=x²) = 12 / 25 + 24 / 25 + 36 / 25 + 48 / 25 = 120 / 25 = 4.8

14. Variance Var(X) = E(X²) – (E(X))² Example 2 four sided die numbered 1,2,3,4 are spun and their faces are added (X). a)Find the probability distribution of X b)Find E(M) c)Find Var(M) a) +1234 12345 23456 34567 45678 x2345678 p(x) 1 / 16 2 / 16 3 / 16 4 / 16 3 / 16 2 / 16 1 / 16

15. Variance Var(X) = E(X²) – (E(X))² b) Find E(M) x2345678 p(x) 1 / 16 2 / 16 3 / 16 4 / 16 3 / 16 2 / 16 1 / 16 E(M) = Σxp(x) = 2 / 16 + 6 / 16 + 12 / 16 + 20 / 16 + 18 / 16 + 14 / 16 + 8 / 16 = 80 / 16 = 5 Var(X) = E(X²) – (E(X))² =( 4 / 16 + 18 / 16 + 48 / 16 + 100 / 16 + 108 / 16 + 98 / 16 + 64 / 16 )-25 = 440 / 16 – 25 = 2.5