1. Unit 7—Chapters 18 – 19 The Gilded Age CSS 11.2, 11.3

2. 2 Federal Indian Policy 360,000 Native Americans west of the Mississippi threatened by the Gold Rush, Homestead Act, Transcontinental Railroad Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1824 government agency that supervised trade, aid, education and laws for tribes high ideals succumbed to corruption and graft Indian children taken to Indian schools to learn white culture Reservation System Indians lost 156 millions acres or about 50% of what they had major assault on Indian culture, the 1.5 million Indians today possess only remnants of their culture Medicine Lodge Treaty, 1867 Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 attempt to “civilize” Indians by offering individuals 160 acres of farmland if they lived on it 25 years they got ownership of the land and U.S. citizenship met with cultural indifference William “Buffalo” Bill shot 4,000 buffalo for the railroad in 18 months decimated the buffalo from 15 million head just after the Civil War to under 2,000 by 1885 his “Wild West” featured real life cowboys and Indians (Sitting Bull) Helen Hunt Jackson chastised American society for the treatment of the Indians A Century of Dishonor in 1881 Ramona in 1884

3. 3 Native Americans in the West Sand Creek Massacre, 1864 Chief Black Kettle brought his tribe of 800 Cheyenne to a fort in CO 700 drunken volunteer soldiers killed 133 Cheyenne set off a full scale war Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1868 tried to bring an end to the Great Sioux War (Chief Red Cloud) fought over buffalo grazing land in WY Battle of Little Bighorn, 1876 gold in SD brought whites onto Sioux reservations land so the Sioux left Custer led 264 troops against 2,500 Sioux braves led by Crazy Horse Sioux won the battle but ultimately lost the war Sitting Bull spiritual leader of Hunkpapa Sioux Sitting Bull went to Canada after Little Bighorn ended up in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show Crazy Horse warrior leader of Ogalala Sioux told that his medicine was so powerful he could not be killed by whites killed by Sioux when he finally came to the reservation Battle of Wounded Knee, 1890 Sioux Indians under Sitting Bull in South Dakota were attacked by federal troops 200 Indians and 20 troops were killed including Sitting Bull

4. 4 Federal Indian Policy Chief Joseph Nez Perce chief, raised as a Christian led his people from Idaho in 1877 when whites found gold led his people 1,700 miles in 3 months deep into Montana and almost reached Canada before he was stopped Geronimo Apache chief who defied the U.S. army for years in NM troops followed him into Mexico and he was eventually put on a reservation in OK in 1884 Ghost Dance U.S. government banned ceremonial dances (i.e., sundance) Ghost Dance was a ceremony to communicate with ancestors regain knowledge of a disappearing culture It is cold, and we have no blankets; the little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food…I want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever." I know that my race must change. We can not hold our own with the white men as we are. We only ask an even chance to live as other men live. We ask to be recognized as men. We ask that the same law shall work alike on all men. If the Indian breaks the law, punish him by the law. If the white man breaks the law, punish him also. Let me be a free man -- free to travel, free to stop, free to work, free to trade where I choose, free to choose my own teachers, free to follow the religion of my fathers, free to think and talk and act for myself -- and I will obey every law, or submit to the penalty. Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other, then we will have no more wars. We shall all be alike --brothers of one father and one mother, with one sky above us and one country around us, and one government for all. Then the Great Spirit Chief who rules above will smile upon this land, and send rain to wash out the bloody spots made by brothers' hands from the face of the earth. For this time the Indian race are waiting and praying. In-mut-too-yah-lat-lat has spoken for his people.

5. 5 Mining and Conservation Mining Towns miners searched for the mother lode—gold, silver, copper hundreds of boom towns and ghost towns across the west corporations replaced individual mining operations 1/30 disabled and 1/80 killed led to unionization of miners Resumption Act, 1875 govt. promised to withdraw some of the $450 million in greenbacks printed during the war promised gold backing for all currency in 1879 Bland-Allison Act, 1878 support for ‘soft money’ had led to Democratic gains in Congress in 1874 the Treasury to print $2-4 million in silver-backed currency per month Timber Culture Act, 1873 gave homesteaders an additional 160 acres if they planted forty acres of trees Forest Service established in 1905 not well managed General Land Revision Act, 1891 gave the president authority to set aside land for forest reserves Presidents Harrison and Cleveland set aside over 30 million acres Newlands Act, 1902 set up irrigation projects for the western states a revolving fund allowed for continuous future projects

6. 6 Go West Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 guaranteed Hispanics US citizenship mostly lived in AZ and NM a new wave of immigrants came in the late 1800s because of Porfirio Diaz and revitalized Mexican culture Hispanic-American Alliance formed to protect property and political rights in NM fraud and coercion from white immigrants took land and rights away Long Drive cattle drives led 4,000,000 cattle 1500 miles from TX to KS and NE from 1860-1880s Abilene, Dodge City, and Ogalala refrigerator cars allowed the shipment of meat to Chicago without spoiling 1/3 of cowboys Hispanic, black, or Indian Deseret Brigham Young controlled both church and state in Utah Territory 87,000 Mormons lived in UT in 1870 nearly 500 Mormon settlements in the West Redlands, San Bernardino, Las Vegas US v. Reynolds, 1879 government acknowledge right to believe in polygamy but not right to it Edmunds-Tucker Act, 1887 government threatened to take assets over $50,000 and oversaw elections Polygamy ended in 1890s Utah became a state in 1896

7. 7 Homesteading Homestead Act, 1862 5-15% claims were unmarried women almost 50% did not improve the land five times more people bought land from the railroads than homesteaded states and land companies bought the best land railroads dominated the west economically and politically Dry-Farming shallow, more frequent cultivation developed for the special dry climate of the Midwest led to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s later led to major irrigation projects National Land Company, 1869 organized 16 colonies for European immigrants over 2 million Europeans moved to the Great Plains retained culture in separate communities Agribusiness the plow, reaper, and harvester increased farming acreage output increased 10 times large-scale farming arose especially in CA small-scale farmers tried coops to pool their resources refrigeration expanded markets beyond local buyers

8. 8 New Technology Thomas Edison Edison replaced the more dangerous gas lamp in 1879 allowed longer working hours graveyard shift ensured constant production around the clock Edison also invented the wax cylinder and the movie projector Alexander Graham Bell in 1875, the telephone led to faster communication new avenue of employment for women as operators Orville and Wilbur Wright, 1903 commercial aviation 500,000 patents issued between 1865 and 1900 GDP rose from $2 billion in 1865 to $13 billion in 1900 (highest in the world) Skyscrapers Bessemer process made new stronger steel allowed for cities to grow up rather than out (Woolworth Building) tenements slums where the poor were crammed in the inner cities Bridges bridges and trolleys helped create suburbs for wealthy and middle class (Brooklyn Bridge, 1900) inner cities left to poor immigrants

9. 9 Railroads Land Grants federal and state governments gave railroads over 200 million acres (an area larger than Texas) from 1865 to 1900 the US went from 35,000 to 192,556 miles of railroad (more than all Europe) Good Stuff strengthened domestic economy!! filled in the middle of the country created time zones Bad Stuff gave away our nation’s land destroyed western Indians controlled politics ultimately led to govt. regulation of business many bad business stock watering, rebates, and pooling Union Pacific Railroad charged $73 million for $50 million of construction Omaha, NE to Ogden, UT (1865- 1869) Central Pacific Railroad “Big Four” embezzled tens of millions through two construction companies included Stanford and Huntington tough going over Sierra Nevadas (inches a day) employed many Chinese for most dangerous jobs Great Northern Railroad built by James J. Hill w/o federal grants educated farmers and ranchers so they’d make more money

10. 10 Captains of Industry... captains of industry if they were visionaries who created a new America John D. Rockefeller est. Standard Oil in 1870 controlled 95% of the petroleum supply replaced whale oil lamps but was replaced by Edison’s bulb internal combustion engine saved petroleum Horizontal Consolidation Rockefeller controlled enough of the industry to control the price Trust many companies in same industry controlled by the board of directors of the dominant company cut down on competition Andrew Carnegie immigrant from Scotland in 1848 made $1.20/week as a spindle boy saved his money and kept getting promoted sold Carnegie Steel to JP Morgan for $400 million in 1900 spent his fortune before he died on public improvements (libraries, museums, etc.) Vertical Integration Carnegie owned every step in the process from mining the ore to shipping the finished steel in order to cut costs Gospel of Wealth, 1889 Carnegie argued that charity should be carefully controlled in order to promote the greatest good

11. 11 or Robber Barons? robber barons if they were greedy misers who overcharged consumers and gouged poor immigrant workers Jay Gould railroad speculator who would do anything to make money “Commodore” Cornelius Vanderbilt millionaire steam boater who became a railroad man at 60 bought up eastern railroads and made them more efficient by standardizing gauge (width of track) and using better steel tracks J. Pierpont Morgan financier who turned U.S. Steel into the first $1 billion company in US history loaned the U.S. govt. $65 million in gold to bail us out of the depression of 1893 Social Darwinism the rich are more adapted to modern society argued that the rich should not help the poor directly because poverty result of laziness Prof. William Graham Sumner helping the poor causes “survival of the unfittest” therefore, the rich should not help the poor combined Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory with laissez-faire capitalism interlocking directories the same men are on the board of directors for several different competitors “I can hire one-half of the working class to kill the other half.” The public be damned!

12. 12 Reactions to the Industrial Revolution Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 banned rebates, pools, inconsistent rates, created ICC created Interstate Commerce Commission required rates be posted, first attempt to regulate big business but not very effective Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890 trusts seen as anti-competitive and therefore anti-American forbade combinations in restraint of trade ended up being used against labor unions Henry Grady editor of Atlanta Constitution called for a New South to out industrialize the Yankees argued that the South would remain behind the North w/o industry James Buchanan Duke mechanized cigarette manufacture “conspicuous consumption” Thorstein Veblen in The Theory of the Leisure Class, talked of highly visible displays of wealth by the rich criticized capitalism and socialism 500 families controlled most of the nation’s wealth Horatio Alger popular author who wrote dozens of rags to riches stories

13. 13 Rise of Organized Labor Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1842 declared unions to be legal beginning of labor movement in America National Labor Union, 1866 incl. 600,000 skilled and unskilled workers and farmers pushed for social reform won the 8-hour workday for government workers, fell apart during the depression of 1870s less than 3% of workers in unions Eight-Hour League, 8 hours for work, sleep, and leisure Natural cycle Knights of Labor, 1869 est. by Terrence V. Powderly as a secret society to protect itself from reprisal only excluded liquor dealers, gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers #s grew to 300,000 after successful strike against Gould’s Wabash Railroad about 10% were women and 10% were African American 300,000 struck for an 8 hour day in 1886 and 200,000 won it Haymarket Square Riot, 1886 anarchists threw a bomb killing several dozen including policemen 8 anarchists were arrested (5 condemned to death) Gov. John P. Altgeld pardoned the rest hurt the Knights' public image

14. 14 Rise of Organized Labor Changes in Labor 1866 – 1897 saw two depressions and three recessions (14 good years and 17 bad ones) steady employment rare typewriter and telephone increased women workers 8.6 women workers in 1900 mostly domestic servants work conditions were dangerous – toxic fumes, high voltage, locked fire doors, sharp blades, fast machines and mind numbing repetition American Federation of Labor, 1886 an association of unions that sought better wages and hours for skilled workers led by Samuel Gompers by 1900 it had 500,000 members (about 10% of all workers) used closed-shop, the walkout and boycott to win negotiations businesses responded w/ yellow dog contracts Was Labor Successful? of 23,000 strikes, workers only won half 6.6 million workers were involved in these strikes by 1900 only 3% of all workers belonged to unions $450 million lost from strikes Labor Day declared a holiday in 1894

15. 15 “New Immigration” New Immigration 20 million came from 1820-1900 shift to southern/eastern Europe Jews, Poles, Russians, Italians, Greeks socialists and anarchists 25% went back came for many reasons 1.cheap transportation 2.jobs 3.population boom 4.political discord American Protective Association nativism led to restrictions against insane, sick, criminals, prostitutes, polygamists led to severe immigration restrictions in the early 1900s “Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!” cries she With silent lips. “Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!” “The New Colossus,” Emma Lazarus, 1883

16. 16 Black Rights and Education Booker T. Washington southern black educator at Tuskegee, AL in 1881 emphasized education as the means for the black community to better its standard of living advocated economic equality but not social equality abiding by the “separate but equal” decision of the courts wrote “Up from Slavery” George Washington Carver instructor at Tuskegee in 1896 focused on finding new uses for agricultural products produced by southern black farmers peanuts, soybeans, and sweet potatoes Changes in Education universal (white) education kindergartens more numerous more technical and agricultural colleges pushed for vocational classes in high school high schools increased from 160 in 1870 to 6,000 in 1900 NEA focused on college preparation: Greek, Latin, and classical history colleges increased from 563 in 1870 to 1,000 in 1910 served only 3% of college-age students 40% of undergraduates were women in 1890 Chatauqua Movement improving lectures that focused on the fine arts and literature part of a larger movement that focused on self-improvement

17. 17 Sports and Leisure Vaudeville used ethnic and racial stereotypes to attend middle-class and working- class audiences 14% of all city dwellers attended at least once a week before the movies Scott Joplin introduced northerners to ragtime at the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893 Coney Island, 1870s new leisure hours meant time for rides, freak shows, and young love Central Park, 1858 public area for ice skating, picnics, concerts, and sports Knickerbocker Base Ball Club, 1845 set down official rules making professional clubs possible local brewers sponsored teams which engaged in rowdy brawls with the fans National League in 1876 banned alcohol sales to attract the middle class Albert Spalding acquired exclusive rights to the rule book and the official ball first baseball union in the 1880s Negro Leagues, 1920s racial segregation first started in 1884 separate leagues existed until the early 1950s