1. The water in the ocean moves in giant streams called currents.
Ocean Currents
The water in the ocean moves in giant streams called currents.
Scientists place ocean currents into two major categories: surface currents and deep currents.

2. Ocean currents that occur at 328 feet deep or above
Surface Currents
Ocean currents that occur at 328 feet deep or above
Include coastal currents and surface ocean currents
Driven primarily by winds
Controlled by three factors
air currents
Earth’s rotation
location of the continents.

3. Surface Currents – Coastal Currents
Two types of coastal currents
- longshore currents- wave approaches the beach at an angle, forms sandbars
- rip currents – form where underwater land formations prevent waves from flowing straight back out to sea through channels that cut through underwater sandbars.

4. Surface Currents – Surface Ocean Currents
The trade winds are located just north and south of the equator. The Westerlies are located in the middle latitudes.

5. The Earth’s Rotation
As Earth spins on its axis, ocean currents and wind belts curve, the curving of the path is called the Coriolis effect.
The wind belts and the Coriolis effect cause huge circles of moving water called gyres to form.

6. Surface Currents - Gyres
Circular wind patterns that create spiral ocean currents
Winds affect the upper 100 meters of water
Five major gyres flow north and south of the equator
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
North Pacific
South Pacific
Indian Ocean

7. Surface Currents – Gulf Stream
Particularly strong current that is part of the North Atlantic gyre
Carries warm water north for the Gulf of Mexico up the coast of the eastern United States and over to western Europe

8. The continents are another major influence on surface currents.
Continental Barriers
The continents are another major influence on surface currents.
The continents act as barrier to surface currents.
When a surface current flows against a continent, the current is deflected and divided.

9. Salinity
The water in polar regions has high salinity because of the large amount of frozen water.
When water freezes, the salt in the water does not freeze but stays in the unfrozen water.
Unfrozen polar water has a high salt concentration.

10. Turbidity Currents
A turbidity current is a strong current caused by an underwater landslide.
The landslide mixes the nearby water with sediment. The sediment causes the water to become cloudy, turbid, and denser than the surrounding water.
The dense water mass of the turbidity current moves beneath the less dense, clear water.

11. Deep Currents Cold, dense currents far below the surface.
Deep currents move much more slowly than surface currents.
Deep currents form as cold, dense water of the polar regions sinks and flows beneath warmer ocean water.

12. Upwelling in the World Ocean
Upwelling refers to deep water that is brought to the surface.
Areas of upwelling are created by surface winds that pull water away from an area. This deficit of water on the surface invites water to come up from deeper regions

13. Upwelling in the World Ocean
Upwelled water contains nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silicate) and dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) that are not utilized at depth because of a lack of sunlight. Now on the surface, these nutrients and gases help to fuel photosynthesis by small algae called phytoplankton.