1. Indigenous Fallow Management (IFM) By: Malcolm Cairns, Kurniatun Hairiah, Paul Burgers

2. Increase economic value of fallow vegetation Accelerate soil fertility to sustain food cropping Promotion/cultivation of forest products Integration of livestock Perennial-annual rotational farming Dispersed trees on cropland Cyclical/permanent Agroforest Shrub-based fallows Cover crops/ green manure Imperata grasslands / fallows Land pressure No fallow management in traditional shifting cultivation Permanent annual cropping Degradation? Links with urban areas Tree-based improved fallows

3. Promotion of preferred volunteer species

4. Imperata cylindrica Roof thatching

5. Wild mushrooms at fresh market

6. Ferns and other species are part of invasive fallow species, and sold with farm produce on a weekly basis in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

7. Shrub-based accelerated fallows

8. Austroeupatorium inulaefolium

9. Callopogonium mucunoides Tithonia diversifolia

10. Mimosa invisa

11. Herbaceous legume fallows

12. Phaseolus carcaratus Roxb.

13. Extensive root system of Phaseolus carcaratus

15. Pachyrhizus tuberosus ( Yam bean, Bangkuang )

16. Yam bean

17. Mucuna pods

18. Mucuna pruriens var. utilis climbs over Imperata Imperata

19. Tree-based improved fallows

20. Leucaena leucocephala, West Timor

21. Alnus nepalensis

23. Casuarina

24. Perennial-annual crop rotations

25. tobacco, cinnamon, coffee, chili

26. Tectona grandis (Teak)

27. Paraserianthes falcataria

28. Styrax tonkinensis

29. Resin ‘benzoin”

30. young leaves of Cinnamon Cinnamon bark

31. Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry)

32. Permanent Agroforestry Systems

33. Alnus nepalensisTea

34. Gliricidia Cacao Cassava Coconuts

35. Flower Fruits

36. Integration of livestock in fallow systems

37. Gmelina arborea Grass + LCC (Callopogonium)

38. Tithonia fallow: fodder for goats

39. improved fallow of Leucaena leucocephala, fixes nitrogen for crops, and is a high quality fodder.