1. New Physics with Black Holes Julien GRAIN Aurelien BARRAU, Gaelle BOUDOUL

2. What PBHs say about “standard” physics and cosmology Formation and evaporation Constraints from anti-protons fluxes Detection with anti-deuterons Cosmological constraints

3. PBH could have formed in the early universe Standard mass spectrum in the early universe Example of a near critical phenomena

4. Black Holes evaporate Radiation spectrum Hawking evaporation law

5. Direct antiprotons emission Individual emission Convoluted with the mass spectrum today Initial spectrum

6. Source flux FLUX antiprotons kinetic energy (GeV) (1) (2) (3) (4) main contribution for : No influence of the details of the formation mechanism

7. Let antiprotons propagate in the Milky Way Drawing by D. Maurin Diffusive halo with convection and nuclear reaction Galactic disc where sources are Maurin, Taillet, Donato, Salati, Barrau, Boudoul, review article for “Research Signapost” (2002) [astro-ph/0212111]

8. Primary and secondary antiprotons Solve a diffusive equation for PBHs antiprotons AND secondary antiprotons coming from nuclear reaction on the ISM: And taking into account the diffusion in energy (tertiary contribution) p-p interaction p-He interaction He-He interaction He-p interaction

9. Top of the atmosphere fluxes Experimental data points Secondary antiprotons flux : “standard” physics only PBH antiprotons flux for different values of PBH’s density A.Barrau, G. Boudoul et al., Astronom. Astrophys., 388, 767 (2002) F.Donato, D. Maurin, P. Salati, A. Barrau, G. Boudoul, R.Taillet Astrophy. J. (2001) 536, 172

10. Upper limit on the PBH density 99% 63%

11. Cosmological constrain: PBH fraction β Antiprotons constrains Barrau, Blais, Boudoul, Polarski, Phys. Lett. B, 551, 218 (2003) Hypothesis: bump in the mass variance PBH is the only way to constrain small length scale in the primordial power spectrum

12. Detection of PBH: Antideuterons evaporation Secondary anti(D) Window for detection A. Barrau, G. Boudoul, et al. Astronom. Astrophys. 398, 403 (2003)  Future experiment like AMS or CREAM will measure the antideuteron flux  Improvement ~ factor 10 in sensitivity  Future experiment like AMS or CREAM will measure the antideuteron flux  Improvement ~ factor 10 in sensitivity

13. New physics with small Black Holes Gauss-Bonnet Black Holes at the LHC Cosmic Gauss-Bonnet Black Holes

14. Gauss-Bonnet black holes at the LHC We will see… Let’s hope!!! We will see… Let’s hope!!! Barrau, Grain & Alexeev Phys. Lett. B 584, 114-122 (2004)

15. Black Holes at the LHC ? Hierarchy problem in standard physics: Two solutions: Warped extra-dimensionnal geometries (RS) Large extra dimensions Harkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, Dvali Phys. Lett. B 429, 257 (1998) Randall, Sundrum Phys. Rev. Lett 83, 3370 (1999)

16. Black Hole Creation Two partons with a center-of-mass energy moving in opposite direction A black hole of mass and horizon radius is formed if the impact parameter is lower than From Giddings & al. (2002)

17. Precursor Works Computation of the black hole’s formation cross-section Derivation of the number of black holes produced at the LHC Determination of the dimensionnality of space using Hawking’s law Dimopoulos, Landsberg Phys. Rev. Lett 87, 161602 (2001) Giddings, Thomas Phys. Rev. D 65, 056010 (2002) From Dimopoulos & al. 2001

18. Gauss-Bonnet Black Holes? All previous works have used D-dimensionnal Schwarzschild black holes General Relativity: Low energy limit of String Theory:

19. Gauss-Bonnet Black Holes’ Thermodynamic (1) Properties derived by: Cai Phys. Rev. D 65, 084014 (2002) Expressed in function of the horizon radius Boulware, Deser Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3370 (1985)

20. Gauss-Bonnet Black holes’ Thermodynamic (2) Non-monotonic behaviour taking full benefit of evaporation process (integration over black hole’s lifetime)

21. The flux Computation (theory) Analytical results in the high energy limit The grey-body factors are constant is the most convenient variable Harris, Kanti JHEP 010, 14 (2003)

22. The Flux Computation (ATLAS detection) Planck scale = 1TeV Number of Black Holes produced at LHC derived by Landsberg Hard electrons, positrons and photons sign the Black Hole decay spectrum ATLAS resolution

23. The Results -measurement procedure- For different input values of (D, ), particles emitted by the full evaporation process are generated spectra are reconstructed for each mass bin A analysis is performed

24. The Results -discussion- For a planck scale of order a TeV, ATLAS can measure the dimensionnality of space and the Gauss-Bonnet coupling constant –at least distinguish between the case with and the case without Gauss-Bonnet term. Important progress in the construction of a full quantum theory of gravity The results can be refined by taking into account more carefully the endpoint of Hawking evaporation The statistical significance of the analysis should be taken with care Barrau, Grain & Alexeev Phys. Lett. B 584, 114 (2004)

25. Future Studies Include a cosmological constant Motivated by the AdS and dS/ CFT correspondences The same study for spinning black holes More realistic, as black holes produced at LHC are expected to be spinning Qualitatively equivalent but quantitatively different Alexeyev, Popov, Barrau, Grain in preparation Cai hep-ph/0311020 (2003)

26. EDGB cosmic black holes 4-dimensionnal string theory Change in the metric function Black hole minimal mass ~ few Planck mass

27. Evaporation law and integrated relic flux Hawking law Alexeyev, Barrau, Boudoul, Sazhin, Class. & Quantum Grav., 19, 4431 (2002) Alexeyev, Barrau, Boudoul et al., Astronom. Lett., 28, 7, (2002)

28. Particle physics beyond the standard model with black holes ? A. Barrau & N. Ponthieu Phys. Rev. D 69, 085010 (2004), hep-ph/0402187 - To avoid entropy overproduction, an upper limit on Trh is obtainted with gravitinos - If cosmic-rays from PBHs are detected, it leads to an upper limit on the Hubble mass at reheating so it leads to a lower limit on Trh - Combining both lead to constrains on the gravitino mass Lower limit on the gravitino Mass as a function of the PBH Induced anti(D) flux

29. Conclusion Big black holes are fascinating… But small black holes are far more fascinating!!!