3. History of Medicine 1857 1883 1928 1955 Today Germ Theory Louis Pasteur hypothesizes that disease is caused by small organisms.

5. History of Medicine 1857 1883 1928 1955 Today Germ Theory Louis Pasteur hypothesizes that disease is caused by small organisms. Koch’s Postulates Robert Koch finds 4 conditions that prove a pathogen causes a disease.

7. History of Medicine 1857 1883 1928 1955 Today Germ Theory Louis Pasteur hypothesizes that disease is caused by small organisms. Koch’s Postulates Robert Koch finds 4 conditions that prove a pathogen causes a disease. Antibiotics Sir Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin.

9. Bacteria don’t grow around mold!!!

10. History of Medicine 1857 1883 1928 1955 Today Germ Theory Louis Pasteur hypothesizes that disease is caused by small organisms. Koch’s Postulates Robert Koch finds 4 conditions that prove a pathogen causes a disease. Polio Vaccine Jonas Salk’s vaccine against polio becomes available. Discontinued in the U.S. in 1994. Antibiotics Sir Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin. Polio Comeback! Worldwide efforts increase to vaccinate people against polio.

11.  1 st line of defense: physical barrier  Oils & sweat destroy some pathogens Some cells burst Some cells shrivel

12.  Coat the openings of the body  Nose, mouth, ears, eyes, genitals, anus  Lined with cilia & sticky fluids to trap pathogens

13.  Job: Search & destroy  Phagocytes: surround & engulf invaders Phagocytosis (see animation)  Lymphocytes: T cells: destroy infected body cells B cells: Inactivate invaders

17.  Complimentary Proteins Weaken cell membrane Attract phagocytes Cause microbes to stick to wall of blood vessel

18.  Antibodies Made by B cells Bind to cell membrane of pathogen Prevents pathogen from binding to host cells Causes pathogens to clump  More susceptible to phagocytes Weakens the cell membrane  Causes them to burst

20.  Interferon Produced by virus infected cells Stimulates uninfected cells to create infection preventing enzymes

21.  Prevents infections (not a cure)  Memory cells developed without actually getting the disease  Vaccine Contains antigens of a pathogen Weakened pathogen is injected Stimulates the production of memory cells  Speeds up immune response if you encounter the unweakened virus

22. Pathogens  Defined: microorganisms that cause disease Viruses: turn cells into virus making factories

24.  Defined: microorganisms that cause disease Viruses: turn cells into virus making factories Bacteria: prokaryotes that can release toxic chemicals

26. Pathogens  Defined: microorganisms that cause disease Viruses: turn cells into virus making factories Bacteria: prokaryotes that can release toxic chemicals Fungi: pierce cells and absorb the nutrients

28. Pathogens  Defined: microorganisms that cause disease Viruses: turn cells into virus making factories Bacteria: prokaryotes that can release toxic chemicals Fungi: pierce cells and absorb the nutrients Protozoans: single cells protista (eukaryotes)

30. Pathogens  Defined: microorganisms that cause disease Viruses: turn cells into virus making factories Bacteria: prokaryotes that can release toxic chemicals Fungi: pierce cells and absorb the nutrients Protozoans: single cells protista (eukaryotes) Parasites: grow and feed on a host

31.  Some carried by wind, water, direct contact, indirect contact…  Some carried by vectors Vector: object that carries a pathogen Examples: 1) Malaria – mosquitos carry the protozoan 2) Black Death – carried by flea’s of mice 3) West Nile Virus – carried by birds, but spread by mosquitos

32. 1) What did Louis Pasteur contribute to our knowledge of medicine? 2) Which part of our immune system coats the openings of the body? 3) Name and describe the two types of lymphocytes. 4) What are antibodies and how do they help keep us from harm? 5) Summarize how vaccines are created. 6) Which pathogen… 1)absorbs nutrients from living tissue? 2)is prokaryotic? 7) Which illness is spread by mice? 8) What is the vector of malaria?