1. Evolution Cont’d 7 th Grade Biology Mr. Joanides http://www.buildamovement.com/blog/wp- content/uploads/2009/09/evolution.jpg

2. The Fossil Record Fossil – Preserved remains or markings left by organisms that live in the past. – Most fossils are found in sedimentary rock – Others can be buried under volcanic ash and dust Sedimentary rock – eroded particles of sand, silt, etc that flow down river to seas and swamps and settle at the bottom. Over time, they are cemented together under pressure and heat to form rock.

3. Sedimentary Rock Being Formed http://geoscape.nrcan.g c.ca/nsask/images/rock s1_e.jpg

4. The Fossil Record Provides evidence of Earth’s changing life. Ex. Timelines from class Earth is 4.6 billion years old (byo) Oldest known fossil is 3.8 byo. Fossils of prokaryotes [bacteria and archaea] 3.5 byo (oldest form of life) Fossils in younger rock show evidence of evolution

5. Evolution of the Whale Modern whales evolved 50 million years ago… But from where? – Fossils of extinct species can help put the puzzle together. – Basilosaurus http://upload.wikimedia.org /wikipedia/commons/archiv e/4/4e/20080706155500!Ba silosaurus.jpg

6. Geographic Distribution Differences and similarities between organisms around the world – Evolved from ancestral forms TOPIC FOR DISCUSSION Why do S. American tropical species have more in common with S. American desert species than they do with African desert species?

7. Australia…Unique Plants and Animals Numerous pouched mammals (marsupials) Few placental mammals Why did this happen? Also…a good case study for introduced animals…economic and ecologic nuisances http://www.camelotbears.com/images/koala_baby_pic.jpg

8. Homologous Structures Forelimbs of animals & goose bumps http://www.thisviewoflife.org/evolution/forelimb%20homologies.jpg

9. Vestigial Structures Modern whales have no hind limbs, but still have remnant hipbones http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/tj/images/v14n2_vestigial_structures.gif

10. Definitions Homologous structures – structural similarities species share from a common ancestor Vestigial structures – are remnants of structures that may have had important functions in an ancestral species, but have no clear function in modern descendant.

11. Similarities in Development Embryos of closely related organisms have similar states in development. http://home.honolulu.hawaii.edu/~pine/book1qts/embryo-compare.jpg

12. Genetics DNA & Protein analysis are new tools for testing evolution DNA passed from parents to offspring, so should show evolution (i.e. ancestry) Darwin hypothesized that all life forms are related. He was right and it is proven in the fact that DNA is the common language in which traits are passed.

13. Hemoglobin Comparisons http://www.txtwriter.com/Backgrounders/graphics/evolution/page13.jpg

14. Answer these in your notes (5 min) Why are older fossils generally in deeper rock layers than younger fossils? How can evolutionary theory explain why Australia is home to relatively few native placental mammals? What are homologous and vestigial structures? What can you infer about species that differ significantly in their DNA sequences?

15. Natural Selection Population – a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. “Survival of the Fittest” http://www.truthinscience.org.uk/site/image s/stories/peppered%20moth.jpg

16. Artificial Selection Definition – Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with genetic traits that humans value. – Chickens that weigh too much – Dogs with aggression – Dogs with keen sense of smell and longing to retrieve – Plants that are not susceptible to pesticides

17. Pesticides – Natural Selection in Action Pesticides are poisons used to kill pests – Insecticides – Rodenticides – Etc A little poison will kill 99% of “pests” the first time Second time it’s not as successful. Why?

18. Inherited Resistance http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pesticide_resistance.svg/57 3px-Pesticide_resistance.svg.png

19. Affects of Pesticides Birth Defects Cancer Stronger Resistance Affects Native Species http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/pubs/fs1 52-95/atmos1.gif

20. Gene Pools Consist of all the alleles (genes) in all the individuals that make up a population. http://www.visschervisi ons.com/Dogs/group_ pic.jpg

21. Changes in Gene Pools Mutations Sexual recombination – Promotes survival and reproductive success – Some alleles become more common Ex. Peppered Moth Microevolution – A generation-to-generation change (over a short time)

22. Genetic Drift A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. – Occurs more drastically in smaller populations Ex. Coin toss 10 x’s vs 1,000 x’s The Bottleneck Effect – Disasters such as earthquakes, floods, droughts and fires may drastically reduce the size of a population, which reduces the size of its gene pool.

23. Bottleneck Effect http://www.kminot.com/art/charts/bottlenec k_effect.jpg http://www.gumball- machine.com/imgs/b ulk/zj505_red_g_fron t_01.jpg

24. Mutations Change in the DNA of an individual, which in turn can change a population over great time. Influenced by natural selection or genetic drift. Darwinian fitness = the contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation.

25. Interesting Mutations Sickle cell disease Antibiotics and Bacterial Resistance – Tuberculosis http://www.biojobblog.com/Bacteria.jpg

26. Interesting Mutations cont’d http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2 /Researchers-discover-how-to-detect- mutations-2.jpg http://blog.media-freaks.com/wp- content/uploads/2009/04/teenage-mutant- ninja-turtles.jpg