1. Announcements Brooks Observatory tours (March 16 - 18) 7:30 - 8:30 p.m. – extra credit Weather permitting Will look at Saturn, Jupiter, Orion Nebula Bring back your ticket with your name on the back Midterm #2 – March 23 Homework: "Temperature and Formation of Our Solar System" exercise in the tutorial workbook, pages 57-58. Read chapter 7.

2. Chapter 10 Remnants of Rock and Ice Asteroids Meteorites Comets Pluto and its moon

3. Remnants of the Solar Nebula Small bodies remain virtually unchanged since their formation 4.5 billion years ago They carry history of the Solar system in their compositions, locations, and numbers. Asteroid means starlike, a rocky leftover Comet means hair (Greek), an icy leftover Meteor – a thing in the air (falling star) Meteorite – any piece of rock than fell to the ground from the sky

4. Finding Asteroids

5. Asteroid Vesta

6. Asteroid Eros

7. Comet Halley

8. Comet 1993a Mueller

9. Comet Hale-Bopp

10. Nucleus of Comet Borrelli

11. Meteor

12. Leonid Meteor Shower

13. Asteroids Undetectable to the naked eye (a.k.a. minor planets) The first asteroid Ceres was discovered by Piazzi in 1800 in an attempt to find the missing planet between Mars and Jupiter Ceres has a diameter of ~500 km (half of Pluto) There are more than 100,000 asteroids larger than 1 km in diameter The asteroid belt lies between 2.2 and 3.3 A.U.

14. Missing planet

15. Origin and evolution of the Belt The most likely reason for the belt existence is orbital resonances A resonance occurs if an object’s orbital period is a simple ratio of another’s object period (1/2, 1/4,etc.) Asteroids with resonance periods will be pushed out of their orbits by large planets (e.g., Jupiter)

16. Asteroid belt

17. Evolution of the Belt Early in the history of the Solar system, the belt contained enough planetesimals to form a planet. Gravitational tugs from Jupiter created the gaps. Some pieces of the unformed planet were kicked out and either crashed into a planet or left the system. Two stable zones (1:1 resonance) along Jupiter’s orbit host two families of asteroids (Trojans).

18. Jupiter’s Trojan Asteroids

19. Meteorites Meteorites are pieces of rock falling from the sky. Meteorites are real Seen as fireballs (sometimes with sound) May cause damage, but most fall into oceans

20. Types of Meteorites Primitive meteorites composed of a random mix of flakes from the solar nebula. They contain pure metals, which are bound in minerals on Earth Processed meteorites – parts of a larger object. Younger than primitive ones. Some resemble the Earth’s core, others are similar to the Earth’s crust and mantle.

21. Primitive Meteorites

22. Processed Meteorites

23. The Origin of Meteorites Primitive meteorites may be either rocky or carbon-rich These 2 types are formed at different distances from the Sun Processed meteorites can be removed from the surface of a planet by an impact. There are meteorites from Moon and Mars found on Earth.

24. Comets Comets contain information about the outer solar system Most of them visit the inner part only once, a few are regular guests One of the most famous comets is Halley’s comet. It was discovered by Edmund Halley in 1682. Its orbital period is 76 years. The last appearance in 1986.

25. Comet Structure Comets are basically dirty snowballs where ice mixes with rocky dust. Their mean size is a few kilometers across. Comets change appearance when they approach the Sun. The comet body is called nucleus. Sublimating ices create coma. A tail pointing away from the Sun appears. There are two tails: plasma tail and dust tail.

26. Comet Orbits

27. The Origin of Comets

28. Comet Hale-Bopp

29. Sun Grazing Comets

30. Pluto Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Claude Tombaugh. Its radius is 1,195 km and mass is 0.0025 Earth mass. Its orbital period is 248 years. It was closer to the Sun than Neptune in 1979 – 1999. At aphelion it is 50 AU from the Sun. Its moon Charon was discovered in 1978.

31. Pluto and Charon

32. Pluto’s Orbit

33. Pluto and Charon

34. Charon, Pluto’s Moon Pluto has a bump that moved from side to side with a period of 6.4 days The discovery of Charon enabled astronomers to determine Pluto’s mass (Kepler’s 3 rd law). Pluto’s rotation axis is tipped 118 o relative to its orbit  it rotates backwards relative to most of other planets (except Venus and Uranus)

35. Charon Diameter – more than half Pluto’s. Mass – 1/8 the mass of Pluto. Average distance from Pluto – 20,000 km. Charon could have formed by a giant impact. Charon is visible from only one side of Pluto. It neither rise nor set in Pluto’s skies.

36. Cosmic Collisions Meteor showers – result of the Earth’s passing through a comet orbit Meteors are single pieces of comet dust 25 million meteors enter Earth’s atmosphere every day Meteor showers get their names after constellations from which they appear to radiate

37. Large Impacts The larger the impactor, the more rare the impact Meteor crater in Arizona formed 50,000 years ago. A large impact occurred 65 million years ago perhaps caused the dinosaur extinction. In 1908, an unusual explosion occurred in Siberia.

38. Meteor Crater in Arizona

39. Tunguska Meteorite

41. Summary Asteroids and comets are the best evidence of how the solar system formed The small bodies are significantly affected by planets gravity. Impacts with comets and meteorites are spectacular events, but may even alter life. Pluto has more similarities with the Kuiper belt comets.