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WRITING WORKSHOP A for and against essay
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1. Read the topics carefully choose one:
·Advantages and disadvantages of being an only child. ·Arguments for and against living on your own. 2. Brainstorm for ideas: first individually, then in groups of 4/5 write down every idea you think of, DON'T edit your ideas at this point. TOPIC A TOPIC B FOR AGAINST FOR AGAINST
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An Introduction Serves Two Purposes
3. Choose the topic 4. Improve or delete ideas. Select the ones you will use to write your essay. 5. Now, focus on the INTRODUCTION: An Introduction Serves Two Purposes * It gives readers an idea of what the rest of the writing will say. * It provides a reason for readers to keep reading. Tips: ·Start with a question, quotation or surprising and controversial statement that will immediately grab the attention of the reader ·Keep the introduction brief ·Do not give your opinion
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THE BODY
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·Use your brainstorming to develop the body of your essay.
You can write 1 paragraph : contrasting one argument FOR and one AGAINST (or the other way round,depending on your opinion) 2 paragraphs: one with the arguments FOR one with the arguments AGAINST ·The body must be balanced: Select 2 / 3 arguments FOR and 2/3 against. ·Don't make a shopping list. You need to develop every argument by providing facts, examples, personal annecdotes, etc. ·Remember to use appropriate expressions to connect paragraphs and ideas. ·Use a formal style. Do not use short forms, colloquial language, etc
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USEFUL EXPRESSIONS AND LINKING WORDS OR PHRASES
• To list points: Firstly, First of all, In the first place, To begin/start with, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally • To list advantages: One/Another/A further/An additional (major) advantage of… is … The main/greatest/first advantage of… is … • To list disadvantages: One/Another/ A further/An additional (major) disadvantage/drawback of. The main/greatest/most serious/first disadvantage /drawback of… Another negative aspect of…
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• To add more points to the same topic:
in addition (to this), furthermore, moreover, besides, apart from, what is more, as well as, not to mention (the fact) that, also, not only … but also/as well, both … and, There is another side to the issue/question/argument of… • To make contrasting points: on the other hand, however, still, yet, but, nonetheless, nevertheless, even so, it may be said/argued/claimed that,… others/many people oppose this viewpoint/strongly disagree…, claim/feel/believe this argument is incorrect/misguided although, though, even though, while, whilst, whereas, despite/in spite of (the fact that), regardless of the fact that ... Opponents of … argue/believe/claim that… The fact that… contradicts the belief/idea that… While it is true to say that…, in fact… While/Although …, it cannot be denied that…
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• To introduce examples:
for example, for instance, such as, like, in particular, particularly, especially, This is (clearly) illustrated/shown by the fact that… One/A clear/striking/ typical example of (this)… The fact that…. shows/illustrates that… • To emphasise a point: clearly, obviously, it is obvious, naturally, of course, needless to say, indeed • To express reality: In fact, the fact (of the matter) is, actually, in practice, it is a fact that, in effect • To make general statements: as a (general) rule, generally, in general, on the whole, by and large, in most cases • To make partially correct statements: to a certain extent/degree, to some extent/degree, in a way/sense, this is partly true (but), to a limited extent, there is some truth in (this), in some cases, up to a point • To explain/clarify a point: in other words, that is to say, this/which means that • To express cause: owing to, due to (the fact that), on account of, on the grounds that, given that, because, as, since • To express effect: therefore, thus, as a result/consequence, consequently, so, for this reason, if… were to happen, … the effect/result would be… • To express intention: to, so as to, in order to, so that, with the intention of (+ing)
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THE CONCLUSION
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Use one of this expressions at the beginning of the paragraph:
·In conclusion, ·On balance, ·All things considered, ·Taking everything into account/consideration, ·To conclude, ·To sum up, ·All in all, and then, introduce ... ... a balanced consideration in which you restate that there are points for and against the topic ... your personal opinion directly or indirectly ·it may be concluded/ said that ... ·I (do not) agree that / with ...
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Checklist Subject omission Irregular plurals (people, children)
Invariability of adjectives Subject-verb agreement Pronoun-reference (relatives, demonstratives, personal pronouns, possessives) incorrect pronoun case (they/them/their) quantifiers: 'much'-'many'-'a lot of' and confusion with 'very'- 'more' omision of definite article 'the' with plural nouns when speaking in general misuse of articles ('the', 'a/an') irregular verbs forms Correct and consistent use of verb tenses Prepositions Comparative structures Word order (S + V + (I.O) + (D. O) + place + time Punctuation
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