1. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Section 2.3 Analyzing Graphs o Identify misleading characteristics of a graph. o Identify shape of a distribution. Publisher’s slides with improvements by D.R.S, University of Cordele

2. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Appropriateness of the Graph A time-series graph is a line graph that is used to display a variable whose values change over time. A cross-sectional graph displays information collected at only one point in time.

3. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example 2.18: Scaling of Graphs Consider the graph below on US federal minimum hourly wage rates, unadjusted for inflation. What errors can you find in the graph? How should they be fixed? Source: US Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division (WHD). “History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938-2009.” http:// www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/c hart.htm (24 Jan. 2012).

4. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example 2.18: Scaling of Graphs (cont.) Notice that the x-axis does not have a consistent scale. The shape of the graph is distorted. The x-axis needs to be changed to use a consistent scale. 1 year 6 years 5 years 6 years 5 years 2 years

5. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Look at the two graphs shown below depicting the same data on people’s satisfaction level with their local shopping mall. Which graph is more accurate and why? Graphical Descriptions of Data 2.3 Analyzing Graphs HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS math courseware specialists

6. Side-by-Side but Different Scales

7. Note the pies’ sizes are different, and for the right reason, too

9. Shapes of Distributions Change of topic now – next: What shape does this distribution have? The configuration is like this: Quantities (or relative quantity) along the vertical axis What’s the shape of the graph of the data in here in the chart? Number values or classes along the horizontal axis

10. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Graphical Descriptions of Data 2.3 Analyzing Graphs HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS math courseware specialists 1.Uniform – the frequency of each class is relatively the same. 2.Symmetrical – the data lies evenly on both sides of the distribution. 3.Skewed to the Right – the majority of the data falls on the left of the distribution. 4.Skewed to the Left – the majority of the data falls on the right of the distribution. Shapes of Distribution:

11. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example 2.19: Shapes of Graphs Describe the overall shape of the following distribution.

12. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example 2.19: Shapes of Graphs (cont.) Thus, this histogram has a symmetric, bell shape.