1. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Technology

2. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.1: Using a TI-83/84 Plus Calculator to Create a Histogram Use a TI ‑ 83/84 Plus calculator to recreate the histogram of our 3-D TV prices. The prices are reprinted below for your convenience. 3-D TV Prices (in Dollars) 1595 1699 1799 1899 1599 1699 1885 1984 1685 1757 1888 1999 1699 1787 1899 1999 1699 1799 1899 1999

3. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.1: Using a TI-83/84 Plus Calculator to Create a Histogram (cont.) Solution Enter your data into the list editor by pressing and then choosing 1:Edit. Once your data have been entered, press and then press to bring up the STAT PLOTS menu. Press. Set the menu so that the graph will be a histogram. Press. Your screen should look like the screenshot in the margin. If it does not appear that way at first, pressing and then choosing option 9:ZoomStat should correct the problem.

4. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.2: Using a TI-83/84 Plus Calculator to Create a Line Graph Use a TI ‑ 83/84 Plus calculator to recreate the line graph of CPI values from Section 2.2. The data are reproduced below. Consumer Price Index YearCPI 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20.0 16.7 14.0 24.1 29.6 38.8 82.4 130.7 172.2 218.1 Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Consumer Price Index History Table.” 19 Jan. 2012. ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.reque sts/cpi/cpiai.txt (24 Jan. 2012).

5. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.2: Using a TI-83/84 Plus Calculator to Create a Line Graph (cont.) Solution Press, choose 1:Edit, and enter the years in L1 and the CPI values in L2. You should have the screen like the screenshot below.

6. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.2: Using a TI-83/84 Plus Calculator to Create a Line Graph (cont.) Now set up the STAT PLOTS menu to produce a line graph by selecting the second graph type in the menu. Press. If you do not see a line graph at first, press and choose option 9:ZoomStat. You should then see the line graph shown like the screenshot below.

7. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.3: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Pie Chart Use Microsoft Excel to recreate the pie chart of the housing data from Section 2.2. The data are reproduced below. Types of Housing Type of HousingNumber of Students Apartment Dorm House Sorority/Fraternity House 20 15 9 5

8. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.3: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Pie Chart (cont.) Solution Begin by entering the types of housing in cells A1 through A4. Then enter the numbers of students in cells B1 through B4. Your Excel worksheet should look like the one below.

9. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.3: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Pie Chart (cont.) Now click on the Insert tab in the tool bar. Click on the Pie Chart button and choose the first 2-D pie chart option. The pie chart is then displayed within the worksheet. By clicking on the Layout tab under Chart Tools, you can add a title to the chart, change the legend, or add data labels to the chart using the various options provided.

10. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.4: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Histogram Let’s recreate the histogram of 3-D TV prices using Microsoft Excel. The data are reprinted below. 3-D TV Prices (in Dollars) 1595 1699 1799 1899 1599 1699 1885 1984 1685 1757 1888 1999 1699 1787 1899 1999 1699 1799 1899 1999

11. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.4: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Histogram (cont.) Solution Begin by entering the data in column A in Excel. Next, enter the upper boundaries of the classes you want to use in Column B. Otherwise, the class boundaries will be chosen for you and may not be the best choice. Once your data are entered, go to the Data tab, then Data Analysis. Choose Histogram from the menu and click OK. The Input Range is where your data are located. The Bin Range is where your upper class boundaries have been entered.

12. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.4: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Histogram (cont.) Click on Labels if the first cells in your input range and bin range are data labels. Next, click on Chart Output to create a histogram instead of just a frequency distribution. Finally, click OK to generate the output.

13. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.4: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Histogram (cont.) When your histogram has been created, you will notice that the bars do not touch. To correct this error, click on one of the bars in the histogram.

14. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.4: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Histogram (cont.) Click on the Layout tab under Chart Tools. Click on the Format Selection button on the far left. The first option is Series Options. Move the Gap Width slider to No Gap and click on Close. You will also notice that the class boundaries are appearing on the x-axis where the midpoints should be, and there is a “More” category on the graph. To correct these errors, go to the Excel worksheet where the histogram’s frequency distribution is located. Change the bins to be the midpoints and delete the “More” entry from the spreadsheet.

15. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.4: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Histogram (cont.) Once these adjustments are made, the graph will be a histogram like the one shown in the following screenshot. Notice that this histogram does not look like the one you saw earlier in the chapter.

16. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.4: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Histogram (cont.) In order to change the histogram you just created to look like the one shown at the end of this example, several additional steps have to be taken to tweak the options of the chart. You must: Delete the whole row of the spreadsheet that contained the “More” category. Change the size, title, and axis labels. Turn off the legend. Format the Plot Area to have a gray background and darker gray border.

17. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.4: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Histogram (cont.) Format the Data Series to add the solid line border around the bars.

18. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.4: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Histogram (cont.) By using the Microsoft online help for Excel or taking a class on Excel, you can explore all of the various options that can be used to customize your charts and graphs to change their appearance in countless ways

19. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.5: Using M INITAB to Create a Histogram Create a histogram in M INITAB using the data set containing the heart rates of 50 students, given below. 77 84 79 80 67 84 82 84 69 81 94 68 65 86 78 79 83 83 84 82 93 80 81 80 62 98 77 93 82 80 82 73 77 79 81 70 72 85 84 80 83 77 80 70 75 74 85 87 79 88

20. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.5: Using M INITAB to Create a Histogram (cont.) Solution Begin by entering the data in column 1, C1, in M INITAB. Once your data are entered, go to the Graph menu and choose Histogram. Select Simple from the types of histograms and click OK. When the Histogram - Simple menu appears, select C1 as the Graph variables. Then click OK to generate the graph. To change the way the classes are displayed in the histogram, double-click on one of the numbers shown on the x-axis of the histogram.

21. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.5: Using M INITAB to Create a Histogram (cont.) Select the Binning tab on the Edit Scale menu. If you want the histogram to only mark the midpoints of the classes, choose Midpoint for the Interval Type, select Midpoint/Cutpoint positions under Interval Definition, and enter the midpoints, 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 98, in the box. To display the class boundaries as shown in the histogram in the following screenshot, first choose Cutpoint for the Interval Type, select Midpoint/Cutpoint positions under Interval Definition, and enter the class boundaries, 60.5 65.5 70.5 75.5 80.5 85.5 90.5 95.5 100.5, in the box.

22. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.5: Using M INITAB to Create a Histogram (cont.) Then select the Scale tab on the Edit Scale menu, choose Position of ticks under Major Tick Positions, and enter the class boundaries, 60.5 65.5 70.5 75.5 80.5 85.5 90.5 95.5 100.5, in the box. Then click OK to see the updated histogram. You can change the title, change the axis labels, and add color by double-clicking on the various parts of the graph shown in the following screenshot.

23. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.5: Using M INITAB to Create a Histogram (cont.)

24. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.6: Using M INITAB to Create a Stem-and- Leaf Plot Using the data from Example T.5, create a stem-and- leaf plot in M INITAB. Solution Begin by entering the data in column 1, C1, in M INITAB. Next, choose Graph and select Stem ‑ and-Leaf. Select C1 for the Graph variables and enter 10 for the Increment. Click OK to display the following stem-and- leaf plot.

25. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.6: Using M INITAB to Create a Stem- and-Leaf Plot (cont.)

26. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.7: Using M INITAB to Create a Dot Plot Using the data from Example T.5, create a dot plot in M INITAB. Solution Begin by entering the data in column 1, C1, in M INITAB. Next, choose Graph and select Dotplot. Select Simple from the types of dot plots under One Y and click OK. Select C1 for the Graph variables and click OK to display the following dot plot. You can change the title, change the x-axis label, and add color by double-clicking on the various parts of the graph.

27. HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS Students Matter. Success Counts. Copyright © 2013 by Hawkes Learning Systems/Quant Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Example T.7: Using M INITAB to Create a Dot Plot (cont.)