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SPI.1.2 Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Life is Cellular SPI.1.1 Identify the cellular organelles associated with major cell processes. SPI.1.2 Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things New cells are produced from existing cells
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Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic
No Nucleus No Membrane Covered Organelles Circular DNA Eukaryotic Nucleus Membrane covered organelles Linear DNA
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Prokaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotic Cell
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Two Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell wall & membrane Chloroplast & Mitochondria Large Vacuole Animal Cell membrane Mitochondria Small to no vacuole
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Eukaryotic Components
Cell Membrane (& Cell Wall) Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria (& Chloroplast) Golgi Complex Vesicle Vacuole Lysosome
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Cell Membrane Made of phospholipids Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic
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Cell Membrane Functions: Keep in cytoplasm Allow in nutrients
Excrete waste
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Cell Wall Found in plants and algae Made of cellulose Carb
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Cell Wall Functions Strength Support Prevents the tearing of the
cell membrane
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Nucleus Functions: Contains DNA Contains Nucleolus Control center
Stores genetic info Instructs protein synthesis Contains DNA Contains Nucleolus Make ribosomes
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Ribosomes Makes proteins Smallest organelle No membrane
Proteins = amino acids Smallest organelle No membrane Made of RNA
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Cytoskeleton Network of filaments & tubes that cross in the cytosol
Functions Give shape (tent) Tracks to move items
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
AKA – ER Functions as the intracellular highway Two types Rough ER Smooth ER
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Rough ER Flattened sacs covered with ribosomes Produces:
Phospholipids Proteins Most abundant: Digestive Antibody producing
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Smooth ER No ribosomes on surface Less than rough ER Functions
Produces estrogen & testosterone Detoxifies in liver & kidney
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Chloroplast Plants and algae Contains chlorophyll
Traps sunlight Performs photosynthesis
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Mitochondria Where most of the ATP is produced
Produced in the inner membrane ATP= energy Needs oxygen
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Endosymbiotic Theory Mitochondria = aerobic bacteria
Mitochondria & chloroplast originated from a symbiotic relationship b/t prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Mitochondria = aerobic bacteria Chloroplast = cyanobacteria
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Endosymbiotic Theory Evidence Own DNA Double membrane
Binary Fission (independent) Size Own ribosomes
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Golgi Apparatus Process and ships out proteins & other materials out of the cell Close to cell membrane Modify the ER products Add carb labels = direction to other cells
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Lysosomes Special vesicles that contain enzymes Originate from Golgi
Functions Break down carbs, lipids, & proteins from food Destroy worn out organelles Rid cell of waste
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Vacuoles Store water for the cell Large in plant cells
Supports the cell Wilting
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Movement Through Membranes
SPI.1.7 Predict the movement of water and other molecules across selectively permeable membranes. SPI.1.8 Compare and contrast active and passive transport
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Cell Membrane Lipid Bilayer Protein channels Carbohydrate chains
phospholipids Protein channels Allows molecules to pass Carbohydrate chains Cell to cell recognition
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Selectively Permeable
Selective = picky Permeable = allows things to pass through
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Selectively Permeable
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Solutions A homogenous mixture in a liquid form
Mixture = solute + solvent Solute – dissolved particles Solvent – dissolving liquid Usually water Solutions are formed by diffusion
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Solutions Solvent Solution Solutes
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The Formation of a Sugar-Water Solution
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Concentrations = 4 g/L __Mass of Solute__ Volume of Solution
Concentration of Solution = Example: If you dissolve 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water, what is the concentration? 4 g/L
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Movement Across Membranes
Passive – NO energy required Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Ion Channels Active – Energy Required Pumps Endocytosis Exocytosis
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Diffusion Movement of particles across membranes
Move by concentration gradient High conc. Low conc. No energy required Goal = Equilibrium Rate determined by steepness of gradient
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Diffusion Demonstration
Dialysis tubing = selectively permeable membrane Phenolthalien - Indicator Base – pink Iodine – indicator Starch - black
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Osmosis The diffusion of water across a membrane
Movement determined by solute concentrations Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic
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Hypotonic Solutions LOWER concentration of solutes
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Hypertonic Solutions HIGHER concentration of solutes
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Isotonic Solutions Equal concentrations of solutes
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Water Movement (Osmosis)
Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solution Isotonic water moves both ways
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Effects of Osmosis
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Osmosis in Blood Cells
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Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across the cell membrane by protein channels No energy required Moved by concentration gradients Ex: Glucose
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Active Transport Movement of particles through proteins against the normal direction of diffusion Lower conc. higher conc.
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Ion Pumps Na-/K+ pumps 3 Na- ions (inside) bind to carrier protein
Similar to channels but move AGAINST the conc. gradient Na-/K+ pumps 3 Na- ions (inside) bind to carrier protein ATP opens protein by changing channel shape Na- released to outside and 2 K+ (outside) bind Protein resumes its original shape – releasing K+ into cell
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Endocytosis Cells surround a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell
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Exocytosis Vesicles formed in the ER or Golgi complex carry particles out of the cell by fusing membranes
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Organization of Life Chapter 7 Section 4
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Unicellular Organisms
Single celled organism Prokaryotes Bacteria Eukaryotes Yeast Colonial Volvox
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Multicellular Organisms
Organisms composed of many cells Cells work as groups for specialized functions
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Specialized Cells They will have specialized functions Examples Bone
Blood Skin
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Organization Cell Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism
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Tissues Examples
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Organs Animal Stomach Plants Roots
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Organ Systems Failure of one part can affect the others in the system
Digestive
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Organism Unicellular Multicellular
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After Organisms? Populations Communities Ecosystem
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