1. Warm up- page 6 Id these words in your own words Id these words in your own words X chromosome X chromosome Testosterone Testosterone Gender role Gender role Gender Identity Gender Identity Gender typing Gender typing Norm Norm Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory Gender Schema Theory Gender Schema Theory

2. Chapter 4: Developmental Psychology pt. 1

3. Developmental Psychology Branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes through out the life span. Branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes through out the life span. Look for commonalities between us. Look for commonalities between us. Look at issues of: Look at issues of: Nature/nurture Nature/nurture Continuity/Stages Continuity/Stages Stability/Change Stability/Change

4. Prenatal Development Zygote: fertilized egg…eventually develops into a embryo after 2 weeks. Zygote: fertilized egg…eventually develops into a embryo after 2 weeks. Cells rapidly start dividing to create a multicellular organism and differentiate to create organs. Cells rapidly start dividing to create a multicellular organism and differentiate to create organs. Fewer than half survive to become embryos. Fewer than half survive to become embryos.

5. Prenatal Development Embryo: developing human organism. Considered embryo from 2 weeks to 2 nd month. Embryo: developing human organism. Considered embryo from 2 weeks to 2 nd month. This stage is when pregnancy is officially established…woman will miss period. This stage is when pregnancy is officially established…woman will miss period. Week 4-8 are when all major organs begin functioning. Week 4-8 are when all major organs begin functioning. When teratogens have greatest effect.

6. Prenatal Development Fetus: developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception until birth. Fetus: developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception until birth. After 12 weeks most of major development is “finished” except for brain and lungs. After 12 weeks most of major development is “finished” except for brain and lungs. Responsive to sound Responsive to sound After 6 months…premature babies’ organs sufficiently formed to allow chance of survival. After 6 months…premature babies’ organs sufficiently formed to allow chance of survival. Week 16 Week 20

7. Teratogens Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Examples: AIDS virus, drugs, alcohol can all be passed onto baby and cause damage. Examples: AIDS virus, drugs, alcohol can all be passed onto baby and cause damage. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

9. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome No safe amount of alcohol No safe amount of alcohol 1 in 750 infants 1 in 750 infants Small, misproportioned head, brain abnormalities Small, misproportioned head, brain abnormalities Leading cause of mental retardation Leading cause of mental retardation

10. Newborn Capacities Come equipped with reflexes ideally suited for survival. Ex: rooting reflex: baby’s tendency when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and search for food. Come equipped with reflexes ideally suited for survival. Ex: rooting reflex: baby’s tendency when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and search for food.

11. Newborn Capacities Habituation: describes infants’ decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimuli. Infer that newborns have cognitive ability to differentiate between different visual stimuli. Habituation: describes infants’ decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimuli. Infer that newborns have cognitive ability to differentiate between different visual stimuli.

12. Maturation Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. Genetic blueprint unfolding Genetic blueprint unfolding Stand before walking Stand before walking In terms of brain development, natural maturation causes neural interconnection to multiply rapidly after birth. In terms of brain development, natural maturation causes neural interconnection to multiply rapidly after birth. However, severe deprivation and abuse will retard development. Furthermore, increased stimulation will cause early neural connections. However, severe deprivation and abuse will retard development. Furthermore, increased stimulation will cause early neural connections. Maturation sets the basic course of development; experience adjusts it. Maturation sets the basic course of development; experience adjusts it.

13. Maturation and Memory Earliest memory is hardly before age 3 Earliest memory is hardly before age 3 After age ¾ we organize memories different After age ¾ we organize memories different

14. Normal Maturation

15. Maturation and Motor Skills Maturation also influences motor development. Maturation also influences motor development. The sequence of complex physical skills, from sitting, standing, walking, are nearly universal are across the world. The sequence of complex physical skills, from sitting, standing, walking, are nearly universal are across the world. Overall, experience has a limited effect until certain muscular or neural maturation occurs. Ex: Potty Training. Overall, experience has a limited effect until certain muscular or neural maturation occurs. Ex: Potty Training.

16. Cognitive Development

17. Jean Piaget Developed stages of cognitive development Developed stages of cognitive development Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating Schemas: concepts of phenomena developed by humans that increase with development. Adjusted by: Schemas: concepts of phenomena developed by humans that increase with development. Adjusted by: Assimilation: interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas. Ex: kids and “doggies” Assimilation: interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas. Ex: kids and “doggies” Accommodation: adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. Ex: new schema for groundhog. Accommodation: adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. Ex: new schema for groundhog.

18. Know This Chart

19. Piaget’s Stages Stage 1: Sensorimotor: birth to 2, experience world mostly through your senses and movement. Stage 1: Sensorimotor: birth to 2, experience world mostly through your senses and movement. Major Development During this stage: A. Stranger Anxiety B. Object Permanence: awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. Why Babies like peek-a-boo.

20. Piaget’s Stages Stage 2: Preoperational: 2-6, child learns to represent things with language but does not understand concrete logic. Stage 2: Preoperational: 2-6, child learns to represent things with language but does not understand concrete logic. Major Development During this stage: 1. Pretend Play 2. Language Development 3. Egocentrism: inability to take another point of view.

21. Theory Of Mind Although still egocentric they begin to form a theory of mind Although still egocentric they begin to form a theory of mind Realizing that people have minds and think Realizing that people have minds and think Ask Why? Ask Why? Begin to empathize,tease, take another perspective Begin to empathize,tease, take another perspective

22. Autism A disorder characterized by deficient communication and social interaction A disorder characterized by deficient communication and social interaction

23. Lev Vygotsky Age 7 children no longer need to always think out loud Age 7 children no longer need to always think out loud Pre operational and operational Pre operational and operational Use inner speech Use inner speech

24. Piaget’s Stages Stage 3: Concrete Operational: 7 to 11, child begins to think concretely and complete math operations. Stage 3: Concrete Operational: 7 to 11, child begins to think concretely and complete math operations. Major Development During this Stage: 1. Conservation: principle that mass, volume, and number remain the same despite their form.

25. Piaget’s Stages Stage 4: Formal Operational: 12 to adulthood, ability to abstractly reason and use abstract logic. Stage 4: Formal Operational: 12 to adulthood, ability to abstractly reason and use abstract logic. Major Developments During This Stage: 1. Abstract Logic: hypothetical situations, ideas like communism 2. Mature Moral Reasoning: ideas like “right to life,” “right to liberty,” Etc.

26. Current Thinking Piaget’s sequence is right but timing is not exact. Piaget’s sequence is right but timing is not exact. Some cognitive events occur earlier than he thought and process as a whole is more continuous. Some cognitive events occur earlier than he thought and process as a whole is more continuous. Did not give children enough credit Did not give children enough credit

27. Warm up pick up warm up off of the overhead. Work in groups to complete it pick up warm up off of the overhead. Work in groups to complete it All work must be complete in 10 minuets All work must be complete in 10 minuets

28. Social Development

29. Attachment Emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. Emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

30. Harlow’s Theory of Attachment Attachment is based on: 1. Body Contact 2. Familiarity 3. Responsive Parenting

31. Body Contact Infants become intensely attached to entitities that provide comfortable body contact to them. Things like rocking, warmth, and feeding make attachment stronger. Infants become intensely attached to entitities that provide comfortable body contact to them. Things like rocking, warmth, and feeding make attachment stronger. IMPORTANCE: NOT nourishment that provides attachment as originally thought. IMPORTANCE: NOT nourishment that provides attachment as originally thought.

32. Familiarity Also key in understanding attachment. Also key in understanding attachment. A.) Critical Period: optimal period shortly after birth when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development. Ex: First moving object a duckling sees it will attach to as its mother…would follow person, moving ball, etc. A.) Critical Period: optimal period shortly after birth when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development. Ex: First moving object a duckling sees it will attach to as its mother…would follow person, moving ball, etc. B.) Imprinting: process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. NOT FOR HUMANS. However do become attached to what they know. B.) Imprinting: process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. NOT FOR HUMANS. However do become attached to what they know.

33. Responsive Parenting Responsive Parenting leads to secure attachment. Responsive Parenting leads to secure attachment. Secure Attachment: in mother’s presence will explore new territories and play comfortably. When mother leaves will become distressed, when returns will seek contact with her. Secure Attachment: in mother’s presence will explore new territories and play comfortably. When mother leaves will become distressed, when returns will seek contact with her. 60 % of all infants 60 % of all infants

34. Responsive Parenting Insecure Attachment: in mother’s presence are less likely to explore their surroundings; cling to mother. When leaves, cry loudly and remain upset or seem indifferent to their mother’s comings and goings. Insecure Attachment: in mother’s presence are less likely to explore their surroundings; cling to mother. When leaves, cry loudly and remain upset or seem indifferent to their mother’s comings and goings.

35. Why Secure or Insecure Mary Ainsworth Mary Ainsworth Studied 1 year olds in “ ” without mothers Studied 1 year olds in “ strange situations ” without mothers Found- sensitive, responsive mothers had secure children Found- sensitive, responsive mothers had secure children Found- insensitive, unresponsive mothers, mothers who respond when convenient, had insecurely attached children Found- insensitive, unresponsive mothers, mothers who respond when convenient, had insecurely attached children

36. Secure Attachment predicts social competency Securely attached children approach life with basic trust Securely attached children approach life with basic trust A sense that the world is predictable and reliable A sense that the world is predictable and reliable Attachment also reflects romance styles Attachment also reflects romance styles

37. Consequences of Insecure Attachment Under conditions of abuse and neglect, humans are often withdrawn, frightened, even speechless. Under conditions of abuse and neglect, humans are often withdrawn, frightened, even speechless. Harlow’s monkeys often incapable of mating or extremely abusive, neglectful, or murderous towards first-born. Harlow’s monkeys often incapable of mating or extremely abusive, neglectful, or murderous towards first-born. Most abusers were abused; abused are more likely to abuse…even though the majority of them don’t. Most abusers were abused; abused are more likely to abuse…even though the majority of them don’t.

38. Disruption of Attachment Separation from loved ones can have devastating results Separation from loved ones can have devastating results If removed and placed in a more stable environment most effects of the separation disappear If removed and placed in a more stable environment most effects of the separation disappear Adults also suffer when attachment bonds are severed Adults also suffer when attachment bonds are severed

39. Daycare and Attachment Children need consistent, warm relationships with people they can trust Children need consistent, warm relationships with people they can trust Daycare has both good and bad effects Daycare has both good and bad effects

40. Self –Concept Self- Concept- a sense of their own identity and personal worth Self- Concept- a sense of their own identity and personal worth Develops by age 12 Develops by age 12 The next big step after attachment The next big step after attachment

41. Parental Authority Questionnaire 1. Permissive- relatively warm, non demanding, noncontrolling parent #s- 1,6,10,13,14,17,19,21,24,28 2. Authoritarian- parents who value unquestioning obedience and attempt to control their children’s behaviors, often through punitive disciplinary practices #’s- 2,3,7,9,12,16,18,25,26,29 3. Authoritative- parents who use firm,clear but flexible and rational modes of child rearing #’s- 4,5,8,11,15,20,22,23,27,30 4. Total them up

42. Social Development: Child Rearing Practices- Baumrind Authoritarian Authoritarian parents impose rules and expect obedience parents impose rules and expect obedience “Don’t interrupt” “Don’t interrupt” “Why? Because I said so.” “Why? Because I said so.” Permissive: Permissive: submit to children’s desires submit to children’s desires make few demands make few demands use little punishment use little punishment

43. Social Development- Child-Rearing Practices Authoritative Authoritative parents are both demanding and responsive parents are both demanding and responsive set rules, but explain reasons set rules, but explain reasons encourage discussion encourage discussion Children have highest self esteem and social competence Children have highest self esteem and social competence Rejecting-neglecting Rejecting-neglecting disengaged disengaged expect little expect little invest little invest little