1. CLASSICAL APPROACHES 1. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Contribution of Tailor- Definition:- Management is the art of knowing what you want to do and then seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way
Principles-
Use of science for the rule of thumb
Scientific selection and training of workers
Cooperation between labours and management
Maximum output
Division of responsibility.

2. TECHNIQUES- Scientific study of work:-
Method study, Motion study, time study,
Fatigue study.
Scientific task planning
Scientific selection and traning of works
Standarddisation
Differential wage system
Specialization or Functional formanship
Mental revolution

3. Contribution of Frank and Lilian Gilberth-
Motion Study
Contribution of Henry L.Gantt-
Task and bonus plan
Three categories of workers
Supervisors should also be paid bonus
Publicly demonstrate the efficiency
Contribution of Harrington Emerson-
Line and staff organization

4. Principles- Ideals Common sense Competent counsel Discipline Fair deal
Reliable, Immediate, Adequate
Dispatching
Standards and Scheduling
Standardized condition
Standardized operations
Standard practice instructions
Reward for efficiency

5. EVOLUTION- Benefits:- Demerits:- To Employees To Workers: By owners:
-Maximum production
-Industrial peace
-benefits of specialization
To Workers:
-Better working condition
-More remuneration
-Improvement in standard of living
-Increase in efficiency
Demerits:-
By owners:
-Difficult to introduce
-Only suitable for large scale business
- Dependency on exports
By Workers:
-Fear of retrenchment
-Lack of initiative
-opposition by lobour unions
-Exploitation of labourers
-Inhuman behaviour

6. 2-ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT By-Henry Fayol (Process Management)
Business Activities:-
Technical
Commercial
Financial
Security
Accounting
Managerial
Managerial Activities:-
Functions-
Planning
Organizing
Coordinating
Commanding
Controlling

7. PRINCIPLES:- Division of work Authority and responsibility Discipline
Unity of command
Unity of direction
Priority to general interest over industrial interest
Fair remuneration
Effective centralization
Order
Equity
Stability in the tenure of personnel
Initiative
Scalar chain
Esprit de crops

8. 3-BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT By:-Max Weber (German social Scientist)
Features:-
Proper division of work
Clear hierarchy of authority
System of rules
Impersonal relations between people
Promotion based on competence
Evolution:-
MERITS-
Specialization
Regularity of employees
Importance to post
DEMARITS-
Paper formality increases
Red Tapism increases
Ignores personal relation
Lack of initiative in the workers
Workers oppose change

9. NEO CLASSICAL APPROACHES- 1.HUMAN RELATION APPROACH
-Elton Mayo famous psychologist-Haw thorn experiments
-Western Electric company’s haw thorn plant in U.S.A during 1927 to the plant manufactured telephone parts 29,000
Workers were employed. Study was on:-
Relation between light and production.
Relation between condition of workers and production.
Informal group and relation with production.
Relation between economic incentives and production

10. EVALUATION Importance:- Limitations:-
No relation in workers conditions and productivity
Non economic awards do effect the efficiency of workers
Factory is a social organization
Democratic leadership style more effective
Psychology of workers is very important
Workers to be associated with decision making
Proper rest interval during working hours
Workers to be properly informed
Limitations:-
Only human factor considered.
People form separate groups but not a family
Cannot satisfy all with non economic awards
No more satisfaction in informal groups

11. 2.BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE APPROACH By- Douglas, Fredric Hertzberg, Abraham Maslow etc.
Suggestions:-
Participation in policy determination
Human way of treatment
Latest talent of the employees to be brought out
Provide healthy environment
System of self-discipline

12. MODERN APPROACH 1. Ouantitative Approach-C
MODERN APPROACH 1.Ouantitative Approach-C.W Churchman (operational research)(1950)
Formula to solve the problem of manager:-
Theory of probability-Network analysis
Sampling analysis-Break-Even analysis
Correlation/Regression analysis
Time series analysis-Cash benefit analysis
Ratio analysis-Waiting line theory
Variance analysis
Statistical quality control
Linear programming
Game theory

13. 2. SYSTEM APPROACH- (1960) Chester Bernard, Herbert A
2. SYSTEM APPROACH- (1960) Chester Bernard, Herbert A. Simon and colleagues
Whole Organization – a system
Departments – Sub systems
Decision taken to be after considering all the sub syste
3.CONTINGENCY APPROACH-(1970)
Features:-
Managerial action influences the environment
Managerial actions changes according to the situation
Coordination in the organization and environment
Limitations:-
What action to be taken in a situation
A situation can be affected by many factors