1. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 11: Blood

2. Blood: General Information Slide 10.1a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The only fluid tissue in the human body  Classified as a connective tissue  Living components = “formed elements”  Some are not true cells  Non-living matrix = plasma

3. Blood Slide 10.1b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.1

4. Blood: Functions Slide 10.1a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Transportation system  Temperature regulation  Acid-base balance (blood buffers)  Protection  Clotting  Antibody production

5. Physical Characteristics of Blood Slide 10.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Color is due to Oxygen carrying pigment: hemoglobin  Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red  Contains oxyhemoglobin  Oxygen-poor blood is bluish  Contains deoxyhemoglobin

6. Physical Characteristics of Blood Slide 10.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Average volume: 4.5-5.5 liters  pH must remain between 7.35–7.45  Is this acidic or alkaline??  Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature

7. Blood Plasma Slide 10.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Approximately 90% water  Transports dissolved substances  Nutrients  Salts (electrolytes, ions)  Respiratory gases  Hormones  Proteins  Waste products

8. Blood Slide 10.1b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.1

9. Plasma Proteins Slide 10.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure  Clotting proteins – active in clot formation  Antibodies – help protect the body from illness and infection

10. Formed Elements Slide 10.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Erythrocytes = red blood cells (RBCs)  Leukocytes = white blood cells (WBCs)  Platelets = cell fragments (thrombocytes)

11. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) Slide 10.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The main function is to carry oxygen  Anatomy of erythrocytes  Biconcave disks  Essentially bags of hemoglobin  Anucleate (no nucleus)  Contain few organelles

12. An Erythrocyte Figure 17.3

13. Erythrocytes: Levels in Blood Slide 10.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Live only four (4) months or ~120 days  Average RBC count:  Males: 5.4 million/mm 3  Females: 4.8 million/mm 3  Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1

14. Fate of Erythrocytes Slide 10.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins  Wear out in 100 to 120 days  Removed by phagocytes in the spleen or liver  New RBCs made by stem cells in bone marrow

15. Did you know… Slide 10.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  About 2 million RBCs are destroyed each second  About 2 million RBCs are produced each second ( by what process??)  Humans have over a trillion RBCs  Blue Whales have 7,000 GALLONS of blood  Blood is thicker than water (4x)

16. Erythrocytes: Disorders Slide 10.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Anemias:  Hemorrhagic: due to blood loss  Aplastic: RBCs not made  Hemolytic: RBCs destroyed  Polycythemia: too many RBCs

17. Hemoglobin Slide 10.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Iron-containing protein  Binds reversibly to oxygen  Each molecule has four oxygen binding sites  Each erythrocyte can carry 250 million hemoglobin molecules

18. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Slide 10.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Play a role in immune response  Typical cells with nucleus, organelles  Able to move into and out of blood vessels by…  Diapedesis: Gr. “leaping through”

19. Types of Leukocytes L to R: lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil

20. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Slide 10.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Move by ameboid motion  Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues  “chemotaxis” – chemical attraction  Allows for immune response

21. Leukocyte Levels in the Blood Slide 10.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Normal levels are between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per mm 3  Abnormal leukocyte levels  Leukocytosis  Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml  Generally indicates an infection

22. Leukocyte Levels in the Blood Slide 10.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Leukopenia  Abnormally low leukocyte level  <4000/mm 3  May be caused by certain drugs  Leukemia: cancer of WBCs  myeloid  lymphoid

23. Types of Leukocytes Slide 10.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Granulocytes  Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained  Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Figure 10.4

24. Granulocytes Slide 10.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Neutrophils:  Multilobed nucleus with  Fine, pale purple granules in cytoplasm  Act as phagocytes  Most numerous in blood

25. Types of Leukocytes Slide 10.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Neutrophils Figure 10.4

26. Granulocytes Slide 10.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Eosinophils:  Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules  Respond to allergies and parasites  Rare in blood

27. Types of Leukocytes Slide 10.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Eosinophils Figure 10.4

28. Granulocytes Slide 10.11b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Basophils:  Have dark blue/black granules  Granules contain histamine, serotonin, heparin  Initiate inflammation  Rarest in blood  Most live in respiratory tract

29. Types of Leukocytes Slide 10.10b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Basophils Figure 10.4

30. Agranulocytes Slide 10.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lymphocytes:  Nucleus fills most of the cell  Major role in immunity  “B” lymphocytes  make antibodies  plasma cells  “T” lymphocytes: mediate function of B cells

31. Types of Leukocytes Slide 10.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lymphocytes Figure 10.4

32. Agranulocytes Slide 10.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Monocytes:  Largest of the white blood cells  Function as phagocytes  Called macrophages in tissues  Fight chronic infection

33. Types of Leukocytes Slide 10.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Monocytes Figure 10.4

34. Platelets Slide 10.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cytoplasmic fragments of marrow cells (megakaryocytes)  Needed for the clotting process  Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm 3  Replaced in 24 hours  (apheresis…)

35. Types of Leukocytes Slide 10.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Platelets Figure 10.4

36. Hematopoiesis Slide 10.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Blood cell formation  Occurs in red bone marrow  All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell  Hemocytoblast

37. Hematopoiesis Slide 10.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.4

38. Hemostasis: Blood Clotting Slide 10.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Stoppage of blood flow  Result of a break in a blood vessel  Hemostasis involves three phases  Platelet plug formation  Vascular spasms  Coagulation

39. Platelet Plug Formation Slide 10.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Collagen fibers are exposed by injury to vessel  Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers  Platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets  Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug

40. Hemostasis, con’t… Slide 10.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Platelet plug formation

41. Vascular Spasms Slide 10.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Anchored platelets release serotonin  Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles to spasm  Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

42. Coagulation Slide 10.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Injured tissues release thromboplastin  Thromboplastin, clotting factors, and calcium ions interact to trigger a clotting “cascade”  Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)

43. Coagulation Slide 10.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  “Cascade” of reactions in clot formation

44. Coagulation Slide 10.21b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Process requires Vit. K  Thrombin converts fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin  Fibrin forms a meshwork: traps RBCs (the basis for a clot)

45. Clot Retraction Slide 10.21b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  After clot is formed, shrinkage occurs  Squeezes out serum  A clear yellow fluid  Plasma minus clotting proteins

46. Blood Clotting Slide 10.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Blood should clot in 3 to 6 minutes  The clot remains till endothelium regenerates  The clot is broken down after tissue repair

47. Undesirable Clotting Slide 10.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Thrombus  A clot in an unbroken blood vessel  Can be deadly  Coronary thrombosis  DVT: deep vein thrombosis

48. Thrombus in Artery

49. Undesirable Clotting Slide 10.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Embolus  Clot moving through a vessel  Can be deadly in areas like the brain, lung  Pulmonary embolism  Cerebral embolism

50. Bleeding Disorders Slide 10.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Thrombocytopenia  Platelet deficiency  Causes bleeding from small blood vessels  Can result from chemo, radiation  May be age-related

51. Bleeding Disorders Slide 10.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hemophilia  Hereditary bleeding disorder  Normal clotting factors are missing  Many types, depending on clotting factor  A gene mutation: Queen Victoria

52. Blood Groups and Transfusions Slide 10.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Large losses of blood have serious consequences  Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness  Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal

53. Blood Groups and Transfusions Slide 10.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly  Transfused blood must be of the same blood group  Wrong group: dead patient  First done: William Harvey, England (1600’s?)

54. Human Blood Groups Slide 10.26a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  RBCs carry genetically determined proteins  Called antigens (Ag)  Proteins embedded in cell membrane  A foreign protein (Ag) may be attacked by the immune system

55. Human Blood Groups Slide 10.26a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  How blood is “typed”:  Uses antibodies (Ab)  Made by body against foreign proteins  cause “different” blood to clump (agglutination)

56. Blood Typing Blood antigens Type A Type B Agglutininins (Ab) Act in blood typing Antigen-antibody reaction

57. Human Blood Groups Slide 10.26b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  There are over 30 red blood cell antigens  Two groups cause serious transfusion reactions  ABO group antigens  Rh group antigens

58. ABO Blood Groups Slide 10.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Based on the presence or absence of two antigens  Type A  Type B  The lack of both these antigens is called type O

59. ABO Blood Groups Slide 10.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The presence of A is called type A  The presence B is called type B  The presence of both A and B is called type AB

60. Blood Groups Blood Types and their corresponding Abs Type A, anti-B Type B, Anti-A Type AB, neither Type O, both

61. Rh Blood Groups Slide 10.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Depends on presence or absence of Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)  Most Americans are Rh + (85%)  Rest are Rh -  Problems can occur in mixing Rh + blood into a body with Rh – blood

62. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy Slide 10.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Called hemolytic disease of the newborn or Erythroblostosis fetalis  Danger is only when  the mother is Rh –  the father is Rh +  the child inherits the Rh + factor

63. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy Slide 10.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Problem in an Rh – mother carrying an Rh + baby:  The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems  At birth, mother may receive some of baby’s RBCs

64. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy Slide 10.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mom’s immune system is sensitized  Makes antibodies against Rh  In a subsequent pregnancy:  Mother’s blood carries antibodies  Anti-Rh antibodies cross placenta  Attack the Rh + blood in the fetus

65. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy Slide 10.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Erythroblostosis fetalis, or  Hemolytic disease of the newborn

66. Blood Typing Slide 10.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Blood samples are mixed with anti-serum  anti-A: “against” A antigens  anti-B: “against” B antigens  Presence/absence of agglutination determines blood type

67. Blood Typing

68. Slide 10.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Typing for Rh factors is done in the same manner  Cross matching  testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum  testing for agglutination of recipient RBCs by the donor’s serum