1. Lecture 7 Distribution: Exchange and Transfer

2. Distribution: Who gets what, and how? Top-earning chief executive officer of Apple (Steve Jobs) in 2006 was paid $646 million by Apple. The richest person on the planet, Bill Gates (founder of Microsoft) has over $59 billion. In the US: manufacturing firms pay an average of $23 in average hourly compensation to production workers, whereas in Korea it is $13, and in Mexico $2.6. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How did you get what you needed when you were 5 years old? How will you get it when you’re ill or old? What determines distribution across countries? How do power and conflict affect who gest what?

3. Exchange and Transfer In exchange relations, flows move in both directions

4. Exchange and Transfer In transfer relations, flows move in only one direction.

5. Ownership and Distribution What can be owned? –Slaves? Intellectual property? Information about human genes? Who can own? –Women? Individual ownership? Communities? What rights come with ownership? –Use right only? Can you sell your kidneys? Can you sell your land?

6. Exchange: Gains from trade Portugal’s PPF England’s PPF

7. Exchange: Gains from trade

8. Comparative advantage: The ability to produce some good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers Principle of comparative advantage: Gains from trade occur when producers specialize in making goods for which their opportunity costs are relatively low

9. Absolute advantage vs. comparative advantage A producer has an absolute advantage when, using the same amount of some resource as another producer, it can yet produce more. Example: Suppose in 1 hour you can either buy groceries for 6 days, or you can clean 3 rooms. Your housemate can either buy groceries for 3 days, or clean 1 room. You have an absolute advantage in both activities. But should you do both jobs then? Answer: No. You and your housemate should specialize based on comparative advantage. How? Who has a comparative advantage in shopping and who has it in cleaning?

10. Exchange: Advantages and disadvantages Advantages: Specialization and trade can lead to improvements in economic efficiency (gains from trade) Exchange gives economic actors incentives to be more productive People may enter into exchanges voluntarily Exchange may encourage economic actors in terms of their common interests

11. Exchange: Advantages and disadvantages Disadvantages: Each party becomes more vulnerable to the actions of its trading partners If exchange is not restricted, and there is free trade, some domestic industries important for the country may never take off. Exchange may not always be fully voluntary. Real-world exchange relations may be heavily influenced by the relative power of the involved parties. Tensions between governments and corporate interests: «race to the bottom», «commodification»

12. Exchange: Advantages and disadvantages If England has more power than Portugal, it can force Portugal to accept terms of trade that favor England.

13. Distribution of money income

14. Measuring inequality: Lorenz curve Lorenz curve: A line drawn to portray income distribution, with percentiles of households on the horizontal axis, and cumulative percentage of income on the vertical axis

15. Measuring inequality: Gini ratio Gini ratio: A measure of inequality, based on the Lorenz curve, that goes from 0 (perfect equality) up to 1 (complete inequality)

16. Measuring inequality: Lorenz curve and Gini ratio Source: TÜIK, Turkish Statistical Institute

17. Measuring inequality: Lorenz curve and Gini ratio Source: TÜIK, Turkish Statistical Institute

18. Source: OECD Income Distribution Database (mainly based on 2011-2013 data) http://www.oecd.org/social/income-distribution-database.htm

19. Wealth inequality Distribution of wealth (what people own in assets) tends to be much more unequal than the distribution of income (what people receive in the course of a year) Results of some studies for the U.S. in 2001: –Gini ratio for distribution of wealth was 0.83 –Top 1% of U.S. households owned 33% of all households assets –Top 10% owned 72% of all household assets –Bottom 40% owned only 0.3%

20. Wealth inequality Source: Credit Suisse – Global Wealth Report 2014