1. Kinetic Inductance Detectors SRON Stephen Yates, Jochem Baselmans, Andrey Baryshev, Jan Joost Lankwarden, Henk Hoevers. TNO G. Gerini, A. Neto, D. Bekers. TU Delft R. Barends, J.R. Gao, T.M. Klapwijk. Cardiff University S. Doyle, P.D. Mauskopf, P. Ade Radiation Al film 1 2 Sub-mm

2. 2 SRON: The Netherlands Institute for Space Research Low Energy Astrophysics; Low Energy Astrophysics; historically: IRAS, ISO-SWS... historically: IRAS, ISO-SWS... PI for Herschel HIFI (PI) PI for Herschel HIFI (PI) ALMA band 9 ALMA band 9 High Energy Astrophysics High Energy Astrophysics XMM-Newton XMM-Newton Sensor Research and Technology Sensor Research and Technology TES microcalorimeters for IXO (XEUS) TES microcalorimeters for IXO (XEUS) KIDs research KIDs research also HEBs also HEBs Also Also Earth Orientated Science Earth Orientated Science Engineering Division - ASIC development Engineering Division - ASIC development

3. 3 SPICA-SAFARI SPICA Japanese satellite Japanese satellite 3.5 m 4 K mirror (first ever) -> very low photon background European instrument SAFARI FIR-sub-mm FTS imaging spectrometer selected ESA cosmic vision program 2015+ 3 bands f/20 implies 31x31 mm arrays NEP 20 Hz Instantaneous dynamic range >1000 Band 1

4. 4 KID: Principle of operation Superconducting pair breaking detector Superconducting pair breaking detector Measure broken Cooper pairs by measuring the Kinetic Inductance Measure broken Cooper pairs by measuring the Kinetic Inductance At T<<Tc Superconductor impedance At T<<Tc Superconductor impedance Z s ~ -i  L K P. Day, et al., Nature 425, 817 (2003). Photons E > 2  12 Read out Z s by resonant circuit @ F=2-8 GHz Read out Z s by resonant circuit @ F=2-8 GHz Combine superconductor in series with C Combine superconductor in series with C Read-out using phase or amplitude! Read-out using phase or amplitude! EFEF E  Quasiparticles N ~ P  /  Cooper Pairs Superconductor 12

5. 5 Antenna coupled KID Antenna coupled KID ¼ resonator @F readout Most sensitive @ end Printed antenna @ F RF F RF >> F readout Antenna does not influence resonator Needs lens! 21 CPW Through line Readout signal ~4 GHz CPW ¼ Resonator Coupler Length sets Coupling Q Antenna Bare substrate Central conductor 100  m L= 5 mm @ 6 GHz Al ground plane RF Photons E > 2  Most sensitive area Readout current Position Coupler Antenna 12

6. 6 Measured Beam Pattern XY

7. 7 SAFARI KID focal plane concept Si microlens array 2nm roughness 7nm spherical precision 250 nm position accuracy With markers Antenna coupled KID design Printed lithographically alignment using backside markers present resonator design fits within F/20 Alignment antenna-lenses within 1-2 m Identical misalignment for all pixels (if any) + Radiation Monolithic Si lens array Many resonatorsMany resonance features @ different F No show stoppers expected for F/20 for all SPICA arrays

8. 8 Dark NEP Dark NEP Lifetime ~ 1 msec Lifetime ~ 1 msec BW = 160 Hz BW = 160 Hz NEP~610 -19 W/Hz NEP~610 -19 W/Hz 40 nmAl on Sapphire, sputtered 40 nmAl on Sapphire, sputtered 100 nm Al on SI, evaporated 100 nm Al on SI, evaporated Dynamic Range: using θ<90° Dynamic Range: using θ<90° P/NEP ~ 10.000Hz (KID 43) P/NEP ~ 10.000Hz (KID 43) ~ 3000 Hz (KID 44) Only optical coupling as uncertainty Only optical coupling as uncertainty Calculations ~agree with optical NEP Calculations ~agree with optical NEP Measurements of noise, responsivity and lifetime => NEP Measurements of noise, responsivity and lifetime => NEP

9. 9 IRAM camera Take advantage of work for SPICA Take advantage of work for SPICA Planar antenna experience Planar antenna experience Work on electronics Work on electronics Can support KID option Can support KID option Demonstrator 1kpixel Demonstrator 1kpixel array manufacturer array manufacturer advise/collaboration readout, electronics advise/collaboration readout, electronics Need collaborators Need collaborators Neél/Rome/Cardiff Neél/Rome/Cardiff

10. 10 Advantages KIDs Cryogenically simple: Cryogenically simple: 1 coax, cryogenic amplifier for ~10000pixels 1 coax, cryogenic amplifier for ~10000pixels Antenna coupling - can have multi band/polarisation or very wideband Antenna coupling - can have multi band/polarisation or very wideband Have (electrical) NEPs better than required Have (electrical) NEPs better than required Simple manufacture - high yield (typical~95%) Simple manufacture - high yield (typical~95%) Sensitivity: Sensitivity: vibration insensitive vibration insensitive magnetic field needs to be constant (i.e. SC shield) but doesn't change performance magnetic field needs to be constant (i.e. SC shield) but doesn't change performance

11. 11 Sample holder 50 mK DC blocks 50 mK Magnetic shield (bottom part) NbTi Coax DC block LNA 4 K stage 500 mK link Stainless Steel Coax, can use CuNi from 4K Vericold GMBH Pulse tube 3.5K Dual stage ADR T min <50 mK ADR setup Also 3K SC shield

12. 12 SAFARI KID Readout SAFARI KID Readout ~ ~ 10 MHz reference DAC 100Msample/sec DAC’s DAC ~ ~ 2GHz2.05GHz2.1GHz 20 mK4K ADC Satalite: 20 W, 5 kg Satalite: 20 W, 5 kg Best first order estimate most optimistic design: Best first order estimate most optimistic design: Power consumption: ~300 W using 180 nm ASIC, ~80 W using 90 nm ASIC Power consumption: ~300 W using 180 nm ASIC, ~80 W using 90 nm ASIC 6000 pixels in 1 GHz BW => Highly questionable!!! 6000 pixels in 1 GHz BW => Highly questionable!!! 20 x 50 MHz subbands, 6% dead pixels due to confusion 20 x 50 MHz subbands, 6% dead pixels due to confusion DAC: 53 dB SNR, ENOB=8.6 DAC: 53 dB SNR, ENOB=8.6 40 analog mixers: 4-8 kg 40 analog mixers: 4-8 kg  On chip analog microwave cirquits + optimised digital design needed ASIC design group within SRON Digital experience from Eureca - Xeus 4-8 GHz BW would be more realistic -> factor 4 in power 4-8 GHz BW would be more realistic -> factor 4 in power

13. 13 SAFARI KID cryogenic design 242K – 4K 3 arrays, total 5940 pixels All pixels in 1 pair of cables SPICA has 11 temperature stages 3m from 242K – 4.5K, ~5 dB cable loss Sub 1.7K Cooler Sorption Cooler + ADR, single shot LNA’s: HIFI heritage 100 mK 50nW 4.5 K 0.3mW 0.5m 0.9dB 1.7 K 1W tbd 0 300 mK 0.5W tbd 0 1.6 mm NbTi Coax LNA 12 dB 2 mW 18 K 1mW 0.5m 0.9dB 41 K 2mW 0.5m 0.9dB 60 K 3mW 0.5m 0.9dB 85 K 4mW 0.5m 0.9dB 100 K 30mW 0.5m 0.9dB 242 K LNA 12 dB 2 mW 3.6 mm CuNi Ag cladded coax 2.5 K 8W tbd 0 T Pload length loss Sub 1.7 K single shot Cooler LNA 12 dB 2 mW Warm electronics 3 arrays in series