1. CHAPTER I: CARDIAC EXCITATION Asst. Prof. Dr. Emre Hamurtekin EMU Faculty of Pharmacy

2. SA node is called the pacemaker of the heart SA node is composed of a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells Instead they are the cells that gained a property to generate spontaneous action potentials.

4. Heart rate (HR) can be called as; the rate at which action potentials are initiated in SA node

5. HR is under control of autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system HR

6. Once the action potential is initiated in SA node, the depolarization wave spreads outward in all directions and covers all the atrial muscle cells.

7. The spreading wave of depolarization reaches to atrioventricular node (AV node) before it reaches to the ventricles. AV node is composed of non-contractile cardiomyocytes (a plate of cartilage and fibrous material) which are specialized to conduct signals slowly. Because of its histological properties AV node also acts as an electrical insulator. By retarding the electrical wave, it allows time for slower moving mechanical events and for blood to move from atria to ventricles.

9. The excitation wave travels in the ventricles in an order The order is, a) Septum, b) Apex, c) free walls, d) base of ventricles.

10. This pathway to the ventricles begins with the common bundle of His, a tract of specialized myocytes Then excitation is delivered downward into the interventricular septum. Here it separates into left and right bundle branches High-speed Purkinje fibers carry the depolarization wave to the contractile ventricular cardiac muscle cells. Similar to atrial muscle cells, depolarization wave is conducted from cell to cell via gap junctions in ventricles.

13. The term “chronotropy” is used to define the heart rate. Positive chronotropy is used for increased heart rate (positive chronotropes increase heart rate) Negative chronotropy is used for reduction in heart rate (negative chronotropes decrease the heart rate)

14. SYMPATHETIC NS NOREPINEPHRINE β – 1 β – 1 adrenergic receptors cAMP (+) chronotropy Increased HR PARASYMPATHETIC NS ACETYLCHOLINE M2 M2 receptors cAMP (-) chronotropy Decreased HR

15. The term “dromotropy” is used to define the conduction speed in AV node. SYMPATHETIC NS PARASYMPATHETIC NS (+) dromotropy Increased rate of conduction through the AV node (-) dromotropy Decreased rate of conduction through the AV node

17. To activate the various regions in the heart fully, the waves of electrical activity travels through the structures of the heart. ECG captures a series of snapshots of these electrical events to provide information about their timing, direction and the mass of tissues involved. Waves in the ECG recording are created by excitation and recovery of different regions of the heart.

18. P wave: When the wave of depolarization spreads across the atria, P wave is recorded in ECG. P wave refers the atrial excitation (atrial depolarization). When the wave of excitation moves slowly through the AV node and crosses from atria to ventricles via the bundle of His, a quiet brief period follows the P wave. QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization produces the QRS complex QRS complex refers the ventricular excitation. It is composed of three components: a) Q wave: Excitation of interventricular septum, b) R wave: the apex and the free walls c) S wave: regions the base. T wave: Ventricular repolarization registers on the ECG recording as the T wave. In other words the T wave is ventricular recovery.

22. HEIGHT amount of muscle involved INTERVALS duration of electrical event