1. Jesuit Education: A Comparative Study of the Collegio Romano and the First Jesuit College at Messina Joseph Witzke Dr. David Rutherford Dr. Carrie Euler Central Michigan University

2. Introduction Ignatius Loyola ▫Military injury leads to new passion ▫Aspirations of spending life in Jerusalem preaching ▫Founded the Society of Jesus in September of 1540 Born 1491 Died 1556

3. The Bigger Picture Protestant Reformation ▫1517-Martin Luther writes Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences Counter Reformation ▫Also known as the Catholic Reformation ▫Creation of religious orders such as the Society of Jesus (also known as the Jesuits) Born 1483 Died 1546

4. Historiography: Analyzing the Secondary Sources Providing a Background ▫Michael Foss and James Brodrick provide information on the origins of the Jesuits Modus Parisiensis ▫John W. O’Malley offers insight into the basic foundation of Jesuit education Humanist/Catholic education ▫Robert Black’s work on humanist education Schooling in Renaissance Italy ▫Paul F. Grendler provides information on schooling in Renaissance Italy with a focus on literacy and learning Problems faced by the Jesuits ▫Christopher Carlsmith identifies problems for Jesuit schools in Italy

5. A Comparative Study MessinaCollegio Romano The first official Jesuit college founded in 1548 at Messina in Sicily The Collegio Romano, also a Jesuit college, founded in 1551 in Rome

6. A Comparative Study Research Questions 1.What were the problems faced by these two Jesuit institutions? 2.What were the solutions to these problems? 3.Were the problems they faced similar, and if so, did the Collegio Romano rely on the earlier school at Messina for solutions? 4.Were the problems encountered unique to each institution?

7. Methodology Analysis of primary and secondary sources ▫The Constitutions of the Society of Jesus ▫Idea of a Jesuit University ▫Jesuit Writings of the Early Modern Period: 1540-1640 ▫Counsels for Jesuits ▫Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola ▫St. Ignatius of Loyola: Personal Writings ▫The Ratio Studiorum

8. Problems In addition to the problems that were typical of the majority of 16 th century Italian schools 1.Problems in university towns 2.Hostilities from suspicious town members 3.Lack of qualified instructors due to overexpansion 4.Discipline of students 5.Disagreement on what to be taught 6.Financial instability

9. Conclusion The Collegio Romano was able to anticipate problems based on the experiences of the school at Messina Geographic location played a role in the various problems faced by Jesuit schools

10. Jesuit Education: A Comparative Study of the Collegio Romano and the First Jesuit College at Messina Questions?