1. Norwegian upgrade program for Leopard 2, MBT, CV90 and M-113
INTRODUCTION:
Armoured Vehicles Northern Europe 28 – 30 April 2014
Major Rune Oyen and Major Gaute Indseth/ Norwegian Army staff

2. Topic
Norwegian upgrade program for LEO 2 MBT fleet, CV90 fleet and M-113 fleet with the purpose to:
Optimize crew and vehicle protection
Optimize life cycle cost

3. Agenda Current army and way ahead, short status
Status on the current and future upgrade of Norwegian combat vehicles
MBT
Leo 2 fam vehicles
CV90
M-113 family
Lessons learned from Afghanistan
Challenges
Questions & answers

4. Current Army structure
Chief of Staff of the Norwegian Army
Current Army structure
Army Staff
Brigade North
Border Guard GSV
His Majesty the King’s Guard
Special Operations Command
Military
Academy
Operation Support
Land Warfare Center
The Norwegian Armed Forces Training Centre for Joint Logistic Support
Deployed units:
Task group
Task units
Mission tailored.
Numbers: Active
4500 employees, 4500 conscripts.
300 deployed in international operations.
Operating Budget: 5,6 mrd (NOK) / $1 billion.
3000 vehicles, fuel consumtion: 3,5mill ltrs.
m2 buidlings

5. Brigade North
CSS
CBT
339 SQN
ASCC MP
NORTG
INT HV

6. Armour bn / Brigade North
Mechanized battalions
Armour bn / Brigade North
High readiness units / enlisted soldiers
Able to operate in battle groups/ task groups/ task units - taliored to mission
Telemark bn / Brigade North
HST/ ORG OG MATERIELLAVD/ SSO STRUKTURUTVIKLING

7. 2nd Infantry Battalion/ Brigade North
Light Infantry capability:
Javelin AT system, snipers, mortars, heavy and medium machine guns.
Winter warfare specialists. Able to operate in battle groups/ task groups/ task units as mission requires.

8. Brigade Combat Support and CSS untis
Artillery Bn: New artillery system and Air Defence system - more enlisted soldiers.
Engineer Bn: CBRN capability, replace Leo 1, replace parts of M113s - more enlisted soldiers.
CSS bn: Replace all types of trucks, armour/ and armour capable – more enlisted soldiers.
Medical Bn: More enlisted soldiers, field PASI 203 wheeled ambulances.

9. The long term plan and force development of the army
Conventional full spectrum operations ability
Mechanized and light structure in a brigade framework
Strengthen the national alertness
Ability to respond with high readiness units (all types)
Cooperation with civilian police and other emergency services.
Continue support to NATO/EU/UN operations (lower ambition)
National structure will be prioritized.
Modernisation of equipment
Network based defence – consequence for Army investments 9

10. The Legacy
The legacy of plattforms and vehicles will be the baseline for the future development og the Norwegian army,
NESTE SLIDE

11. The Main Future Platforms
MBT
LEO 2
IFV
CV 90
CS/CSS
Tracked
AS you will see here, it is a combination of upgraded and new systems, and the aim is to narrow down the amount of different plattformsystems and variants, in order to save life cycle cost.
NESTE SLIDE:
Wheeled
CS/CSS
2013
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035

12. Capability development during operations (2003-12) ”Equipped to mission”
The last years of operations (Iraq, Afgh) have forced us to introduce different vehicles and other systems, and we are more or less forced to find a use for them also in the national structure. This may cause some challenges since they ofte are tailormade for out of area oprations….but off course on the positive side, the vehicles will be ready for use for future operations ….so it gives us some fleksibility and higher readiness too..
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13. Vehicle fleet overview Norwegian Army 2020+
Armoured, tracked, wheeled, unarmoured, heavy, light…
CV-90 system
LEO-2 tank system and support vehicles (arm engr, bridgelayer, recovery)
New artillery system
TBD?
Tracked support vehicles: M113 series in different configurations
All terrain unarmoured vehicles
BV 206, ATVs and snowmobiles
Wheeled support and tactical vehicle fleet:
This show the main vehicles that will be operated by the Norw army for the next years…
NESTE SLIDE
FUCHS /CBRN
SISUXA / PASI203N
DINGO-2
IVECO LMV
MULTI UTILITY V
CIV TYPE 4WD
Trucks / armoured and prepared for armour. 13

14. Future demands Service life extension of the existing Leopard 2 fleet
The Leopard 2 shall be operational for the next 20 to 25 years
Keeping operational costs under control
Better fire power and protection against future asymmetric threats
Effective fleet management
I will now get into the upgrade programs of the Leopard 2 family vehicles.
The aim of the upgrade is to give the plattforms better protection, better sustainability and increased firepower…

15. What must be achieved? All vehicles on an identical chassis
Suspension system prepared for heavy weight (growth potential)
ARV and AEV on identical platform quick exchange from crane to excavator arm increase flexibility for different applications
Result: Cost saving management of LCC
To achieve this we try and harmonize the requirements between the different variants.
The overall aim is to predict and to stabilaze and keep the lifecycle cost’s under controll

16. TANK UPGRADE History PHASE 1 – Used vehicles from NL in 2000
Present status
PHASE 2 – limited
Improvement to
Army structure 2012
Aim of upgrade program
PHASE 3 – Upgrade
Give the Army a modern and flexible MBT who can meet
conventional and asymmetric threats domestic and abroad
52 Leopard 2 A4NL
+ 4 surplus vehicles
Improved protection:
El turret drive
Mine protection hull and sides
Improved all weather capability:
New main sight and TC sight (Hunter-killer)
Sensors (IR/ highbeam light)
Automotive upgrades
Improved firepower and flexibility:
New ammunition types (Pro amm HE)
RWS
BMS
Extreme Overhauling
Configuration control
Rear view camera
BMS
120mm IM-HE
”NOR - configuration”
Comms
Storage bins
New fire distinguisher
The MBT upgrade program aims to upgrade the exsisting Leo 2 A4’s with the newest technology available.
The pictures shown on this slides are only ilustrative to give you a idea of what level of upgarde we have in mind.
The tank is still the most powerful weapon system in army structures.
Advantage: firepower, protection and mobility.
The tank system has also proven its role and relevance as a powerful support weapon in typical peace support operations and COIN ( Afghanistan).

17. Protection & mobililty
Increased mine and IED protection
Weight class max 63,5 ton (MLC 70)
Vehicle prepared for different protection levels
Module based protection for selected areas on turret and rear hull
We will seek to keep the tank at MLC 70 class and try and balance the protection and mobility factor.
The reasons for this is among others the fact that the heavier the vehicles get, the more maintanence it will require…experience from other nations shows this.

18. Firepower & Fire contr system
L44 Main gun
Upgraded to use 120mm IM-HE Pro-Amm
EL turret drive
Dig Fire Control System (FCS)
FCS with range up to 5000M
Prepared for overhead weapon station (RWS)
Give the Loader the possibility to operate gun under amour
We will upgrade the Fire Controll system in order to engage targets on longer distances. The ballistic properties of the main gun ammunition have increased the last years, and we try and utulize this.

19. Optics and sensors Independent TC optics
Main optics for Gunner, with capability to engage targets up to 5000M
High beam spotlight
In order to engage and fire on longer distances we need upgraded optics, so this si also an importent improvement.
1. Gen
2. Gen
3. Gen

20. Perseverance & Sustainment
APU (auxiliary power unit)
Able to run the tank’s main components min 12 – 24 hours

21. P 5430 Armoured Recovery Vehicle (ARV)
Status
Leopard 1 ARV’s to be replaced by Leopard 2 ARV’s
Procurement process in progress!
Vehicle based on standard solutions, and in operational use
Contract planned beginning of 2015

22. P 5045 Armoured Vehicle Laying Bridge (AVLB)
Status
Leopard 1 AVLB’s to be replaced by Leopard 2 AVLB’s
Approval in MoD expected the fall of 2014
Vehicle based on standard solutions, and in operational use

23. P 5049 Armoured Engineer Vehicle (AEV)
Status
Leopard 1 AEV’s to be replaced by Leopard 2 AEV’s
Approval in MoD expected the fall of 2014
Vehicle based on standard solutions, and in operational use

24. P5436 Combat fighting vehicle project
Investment
$1,7billion
Combat Command Vehicle
Infantry Fighting Vehicle
Armd Recce
Vehicle
Cbt Engr
vehicle
Multi-role support
Vehicle (mortar) 24

25. Combat Fighting Vehicle Project
Increase NorArmys capabilities
Give mechanized battalion future-oriented capabilities located on medium armoured platforms
Increase protection on all vehicles
Establish network capacity on all vehicles
Control of the logistic costs
Contract signed 2012, deliveries
1st vehicle delivered for testing feb 2014

26. OPERATIONAL RECQUIREMENT
All: Network for C2
BMS for operational use
Digitalization
IFV/CCV/Armd Recce: Cdrs. environment / MMI
IFV/CCV/Armd Recce: Forward field survey
All: Increase protection against IED`s, anti-tank weapons and mines
All: Remote weapon station
IFV/CCP/Armd recce: Hunter / killer functionality
Armd recce: Advanced Line of sight ISTAR capability (Vingtaqs II)
360o sensors for close observations
All: Rubber tracks
Overall combat weigh < 35t

27. Protection Increased IED/mine protection Ballistic protection
Baseline: KE protection
Add on: KE/SC protection
Studies conducted on ADS

28. Presentation to Comdr / Gunner or tagged data into ARTYsystems / BMS
FORWARD FIELD SURVEY
Pos. / Nav. system
10 digit GRID: MG
Laser / optics N
Presentation to Comdr / Gunner or
tagged data into ARTYsystems / BMS
Angle
Position

29. M113 armoured support vehicles New upgraded models (F3 and F4)
Workhorse ( 50 years service)
Several ongoing and planned projects
Total rebuild and capabilities equal to modern vehicles in same class
The advantage with the M113:
Offers protection and mobility
Easy to operate
Is flexible and can fill different support roles
Very low operating costs compared to new vehicles

30. M113F3 program Specialised versions include:
Ambulance, medical treatment, command post, forward command vehicle, cbt engineer vehicle and anti-tank (Javelin)
Reliability and mobility equal to modern vehicles in same weight class
Modern powerpack
Rubber band tracks
Digitalized C2/SOTAS intercom/BMS
Increased protection against mine/IED and ballistic threats
More than 100 vehicles in service/planned

31. M113F4 program Program planned for 2014-2019
Stretched versions (6 or 7 roadwheels) for:
C3IS functions,
Logistics carrier
Forward repair teams
Air-defense
Artillery location radar system
Increased interior volume and height of roof
Increased Mine/IED protection compared to M113F3
More than vehicles planned

32. M113F4 program
Technical demonstrators for 6- and 7- roadwheel versions produced and undergoing trials
6-roadwheel version
w/10’ ARTHUR mock-up
7-roadwheel version
w/10’ capacity

33. M113F4 program

34. Armoured wheeled vehicle fleet:
FUCHS /CBRN
SISUXA / PASI203N
DINGO-2
IVECO LMV
MULTI
Product of our deployments in peace support operations, and especially urgent operational needs in Afghanistan.
Most likely need for such vehicles in future operations.
SISU/PASI will be upgraded – fill ambulance and EOD roles.
DINGO will be used in Afghanistan until end of 2014.
IVECO LMV will enter service in national structure (60%) and be based in stockpiles for future ops (40%) – the procurement will be completed with the last 62 vehicles in 2014.
No plans for further larger investments as of now.

35. Afghanistan in retrospect
Shift from light unprotected/protected patrol vehicles (Mercedes GD series) in to increasing protection (Iveco, Dingo, PASI, CV90)
Shift from relative peaceful to high threat environment
Almost none contacts with INS in 2005
Almost daily in 2011
Impact on tactics and procedures in the Norwegian AO:
Movement in high risk areas conducted with mix of armoured vehicles and light infantry on ATV’s
Availability of recovery assets – always a concern to troops (as vehicles grew heavier…)
CV90 used mainly as direct fire-support system

36. Afghanistan in retrospect
Protection – Mobility – Firepower
IED threats mainly on roads/tracks
Ambush positions often out of reach of vehicle movement
Increasing weight and protection of vehicles
Predictable operations and routes – slow movement
Difficult to socialise with local population (essential to COIN tactics)
Increasing levels of damage to civillian crops, irrigation channels etc
Vehicles pressed into service in roles they were not designed to:
Payload concerns/risk of roll overs
Wear and tear/logistics
Effectiveness of the mine/IED protection system
Tracked vehicles are still more mobile and flexible in combat situations

37. Some Afghanistan lessons
Modifications/uparmouring to existing vehicles
Good cooperation with industry is critical
Urgent operational requirement (UOR) vehicles have been succesful allthough often used in roles not designed for.
In armoured vehicles mobility and firepower is vital, but protection take presedence when lives are on stake.
Are we certain that increasing vehicle protection always increase protection for the troops…? And what about the mission…?
In combat situations tracked vehicles are still more mobile and flexible compared to wheeled vehicles
Combat vehicles with precise direct fire weapon systems are effective combat enablers in COIN operations.

38. Norwegian Army Staff / Force development
Q & A or comments ?
Norwegian Army Staff / Force development

39. Challenges(1) Achieving balance between requirements and resources.
We must ensure that soldiers and units have the right equipment in the quality and quantity needed for future missions.
Tight budgets means priorities.
Technology-heavy army
Complexity increases.
More demand for specialized expertise.
Need to retain knowledge and personnel.
More employees (also enlisted soldiers)
Probably a more flexible conscript system
Increased Costs (the army's biggest challenge)
Investment costs – steadily growing.
Operating costs – steadily growing.
New capabilities.
More technology.
Personnel costs are high in Norway.

40. Challenges (2) User’s requirements vs industry development
COTS vs development
Can the industry be more oriented towards describing what you get at different levels? What is already developed and what will need engineering?
This will reduce risk and give the customer a better and easier task on selecting it’s option. Reduction of risk will make decision maker more willing to speed up process.