1. 2.1 – Matter 2.2 – Minerals 2.3 – Properties of Minerals
Chapter 2: Minerals
2.1 – Matter
2.2 – Minerals
2.3 – Properties of Minerals

2. 2.1 Matter What is an element? What particles make up atoms?
What are isotopes?
What are compounds and why do they form?
How do chemical bonds differ?

3. Show what you know! Work with a partner
Discuss what you already know about atoms
Draw a picture of an atom based on what you and your partner know
Include as many details as possible!

4. Periodic Table of the Elements
What is an element?
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means
Elements are the basic building blocks of minerals (and everything else!)
The 3 basic types of elements are metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
Periodic Table of the Elements

5. What is an element?
Elements are organized by their properties on the periodic table
What is the universe made of? - Dennis Wildfogel
Atomic number
Element symbol
Element Name
Atomic mass

7. Most Common Elements in Earth’s Continental Crust
What is an element?
Most Common Elements in Earth’s Continental Crust
Element
% by Weight
Oxygen (O)
46.6
Silicon (Si)
27.7
Aluminum (Al)
8.1
Iron (Fe)
5.0
Calcium (Ca)
3.6
Sodium (Na)
2.8
Potassium (K)
2.6
Magnesium (Mg)
2.1
Others
1.7

8. What particles make up atoms?
Nucleus
Protons – positively charged particles
Neutrons – neutral particles
Electron Cloud
Electrons – negatively charged particles

9. What particles make up atoms?
The identity of an atom is determined by it’s number of protons, or atomic number.
The atomic mass of an atom is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons
The electrons in an atom are involved in chemical bonds with other atoms

10. What are Isotopes? Video: How Does Radiocarbon Dating Work?
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are isotopes of an element
Isotopes have a different mass number than other versions of the same element

11. What are Isotopes?
An atom that creates isotopes easily is known as unstable
Unstable atomic nuclei disintegrate in a process called radioactive decay
The rate of this decay is measurable so radioactive elements can be used to determine the age of fossils, rocks, and minerals

12. What are compounds and why do they form?
A compound is a substance that consists of two or more elements that combine in specific proportions

13. What are compounds and why do they form?
Atoms form compounds in order to become more stable
Video - Sodium in Water + 

14. What are compounds and why do they form?

15. What are compounds and why do they form?

16. What are compounds and why do they form?

17. Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Metallic Bonds
Ions form when an atom gains or loses electrons and becomes charged ( + or -)
Ionic bonds form between positive and negative ions
Rigid solids with high melting and boiling points
Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water
Examples: NaCl (table salt)
CaCl (chalk)
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons
Have low boiling and melting points
do not conduct electricity
Examples: H2O (water)
SiO2 (quartz)
Metallic bonds form when atoms are shared between metallic ions
Malleable & ductile – can be bent or drawn into wires
Conduct electricity
Examples: Cu (copper)
Fe3C (steel)

18. 2.2 Minerals What are five characteristics of a mineral?
What processes result in the formation of minerals?
How can minerals be classified?
What are the major groups of minerals?

19. A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.
Naturally occurring- forms from geologic processes
Solid substance- hard at normal temperatures
Orderly crystalline structure- atoms are arranged in orderly repetitions
Definite chemical composition – made of the same elements for any sample.
Generally considered inorganic- not from living things

20. How do minerals form?
Crystallization from magma- elements combine in an orderly structure when magma cools underground
Precipitation- minerals fall out of solution because the water evaporates or changes temperature
Pressure and temperature- minerals can change form when heated or compacted
Hydrothermal solutions- very hot water with dissolved substances can form new minerals

21. How can minerals be classified?
Minerals are classified into groups based on their chemical composition
Common mineral groups include: silicates, carbonates, oxides, sufates and sulfides, halides, and native elements.

22. Silicates
The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron forms the framework of every silicate mineral.
90% of Earth’s crust is composed of silicate minerals
Sand, glass, bricks, stones, soil, concrete, quartz
Piezoelectric effect – quartz produces an electric charge when compressed, bent or twisted (watches & radio receivers)

23. Silicates
Opal
Olivine
Garnet
Amethyst

24. Carbonates
Carbonates contain CO3 ions
Aragonite Cave in Slovakia

25. Calcite was used for gun sights in WWII because it is fluorescent under UV light
Carbonates

26. Oxides Contain oxygen and metal ions
Uranium Ore
Oxides
Contain oxygen and metal ions
Bauxite (aluminum ore): requires a lot of energy to process into aluminum which is why aluminum is commonly recycled
Iron Ore
Aluminum Ore
Tin Ore
Copper Ore

27. Sulfates and Sulfides Contain the element sulfur
The mineral gypsum is used in drywall and plaster of paris

28. Crystal Cave,
Naica Mexico

30. Halides Contain halogens (group 7 on the periodic table)
Fluorite is a source of fluoride which is used in toothpaste
Halite is the mineral name for table salt

31. Native Elements
Native elements are minerals that contain only one type of element (only one type of atom)

32. 2.3 Properties of Minerals
What properties can be used to identify minerals?
What is the Moh’s Scale?
What are some distinctive properties of minerals?
Mineral properties depend on the elements that compose the mineral and it’s structure

33. What properties can be used to identify minerals?
Color
Not actually very useful
Small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors

34. What properties can be used to identify minerals?
Streak
Streak is the color of the mineral in powdered form.
Find streak by rubbing a mineral against a streak plate
Galena
Sulfur
Pyrite
Calcite
Olivine
Lodestone
Observation –
Observation -

35. What properties can be used to identify minerals?
Luster
Describes how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral
Obsidian
Galena
Gypsum
Hematite
Glassy luster
Metallic luster
Silky luster
Earthy luster

36. What properties can be used to identify minerals?
Crystal form
Visible expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms

37. Bismuth Crystal Structure (lab grown)

38. What properties can be used to identify minerals?
What is the Moh’s scale?
Hardness
The Moh’s scale is a standard scale used to compare the hardness of minerals

39. What is the Moh’s scale? Mineral Mini-Lab
You will be given a mineral to test for hardness using various objects of known hardness.
To test your mineral, rub the mineral against the object and check for scratches.
If a mineral scratches an object, the mineral is harder than the object.
If an object scratches a mineral, the mineral is softer than the object.
Answer the questions for each object used to test your mineral.
As a class, rank each item from hardest to softest

40. What is the Moh’s scale? Mineral # ____
Is your mineral harder than a fingernail?
Is your mineral harder than a copper penny?
Is your mineral harder than a wire nail?
Is your mineral harder than a piece of glass?

41. What is the Moh’s scale?

42. What properties can be used to identify minerals?
Cleavage
The tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break along flat, even surfaces
Crystal structure of mica

43. What properties can be used to identify minerals?
Fracture
Fracture is the uneven breakage of a mineral
Minerals show either cleavage or fracture

44. What properties can be used to identify minerals?
Density
The density of a pure mineral is a constant value.
Density can be used to determine the purity or identity of some minerals
How taking a bath led to Archimedes' principle - Mark Salata

45. What are some distinctive properties of minerals?
Some minerals can be recognized by other distinctive properties
Talc
Magnetite
Sulfur
Calcite
Graphite
Feels soapy
magnetic
Smells like rotten eggs
Fizzes when dropped with HCl
Feels greasy