1. QOTD
After the Civil War, the Freedmen's Bureau was set up primarily to help which group of people?
a) former slaves.
b) former Confederate soldiers.
c) immigrants.
d) northern factory workers.

2. QOTD
After the Civil War, the Freedmen's Bureau was set up primarily to help which group of people?
a) former slaves.

3. Today’s Standard SSUSH 11
Explain the impact of railroads on other industries; Thomas Edison’s inventions

4. The Age of Invention

5. Industry Explodes After the Civil War, industry rises
1) 1860 – 1890 – is known as the Second Industrial Revolution
Patents – exclusive rights to inventors to make and sell something
2) New ideas and inventions began to spread

6. Bessemer Steel Process
Created from coal and iron
2) Henry Bessemer
Created the Bessemer Process in 1850
Injecting air in molten iron, removing the carbon, and forming steel
Steel was lighter, flexible and rust-resistant
3) Steel production skyrockets
15,000 tons in the 1860s to 28 million by 1910
4) Railroad industry was most impacted
skyscrapers

7. Henry Bessemer

8. Railroads (RR)
1) The growth of the steel industry sparked a massive network of RRs being built across the United States
2) 1869 – The first transcontinental railroad connects the eastern and western United States
3) Cities and towns grew along RR lines
U.S. population multiplied

9. Communications 1) Telegraph Samuel Morse 1837 2) Used Morse Code
A series of dots and dashes representing letters

10. Communications 1876 Telephone 3) Alexander Graham Bell
Eventually is installed in homes and offices across the country

11. Thomas Edison 1) Thomas Edison America’s greatest inventor
Born in Ohio in 1847
Established world’s first research lab in 1876
Menlo Park, NJ
Inventions:
A) Light bulb
B) Phonograph – recorded sounds
C) Kinetograph – we call them video cameras today
3) First electrical power plant in New York City in 1882

12. Edison Light Bulb

13. Edison Phonograph

14. Motion Pictures

15. Building the United States Infrastructure 1856 - 1893
The Age of Railroads
Building the United States Infrastructure

16. Railroads Improve
1850 – Steam-powered ships were the main form of American transportation
As the years progressed things began to change
Better designed trains and tracks
Construction of new rail lines
Railroads were becoming more popular

17. The Transcontinental Railroad
By 1856, RR had extended from the East Coast to the Mississippi River
By 1859, RR crossed the Missouri River
May 10, 1869 – The Central Pacific and the Union Pacific RR meet
The first transcontinental railroad is built
Coast to coast RR in the United States

18. The Golden Spike

19. The Transcontinental RR

20. Working on the Railroad
Three main groups of people worked on the RR
Chinese immigrants – the main group
Irish immigrants
Civil War veterans
Working conditions were brutal
Accidents
Pneumonia
1888 – 2,000 employees killed; 20,000 injured
Pay was also poor

21. The Emergence of Entrepreneurs in the Age of Industry 1873 - 1890
Big Business
The Emergence of Entrepreneurs
in the
Age of Industry

22. Andrew Carnegie Born in Scotland 1835 Grew up poor
Started working at a cotton mill at age 13
12 hour days
Saw the Bessemer Process in action
Got in the steel business
Age 28 – Carnegie begins to work his way up in the steel industry

23. US Steel Carnegie starts his own business Carnegie Steel (US Steel)
By 1899, US Steel manufactured more steel alone than all the steel factories of Great Britain
Carnegie was a great manager
Always tried to find ways to make better steel cheaply
Tried to find ways to improve steel
Established a good accounting system to monitor spending and costs
Hired the best assistants

24. Carnegie’s Business Strategy
Vertical integration
When a company buys out all its suppliers
Controlling every level of manufacturing
Carnegie bought coal and iron mines, ore freighters, and railroad lines
He had total power over the quality and cost of his product

25. John D. Rockefeller Owner of Standard Oil Company
Eliminated his competition
Set up a monopoly
Complete control of a particular industry
Merged with other companies that manufactured oil
Horizontal consolidation

26. Criticism and Regulation
The ruthless tactics of these businessmen was often criticized
Critics believed they were limiting free trade
Guys like Carnegie and Rockefeller defended their wealth with philanthropy
Philanthropy – giving money away to charities
Carnegie gave 90% of his wealth away during his lifetime
Congress eventually regulates big business
Sherman Antitrust Act
Made trusts illegal