1. Regional Economics George Horváth Department of Environmental Economics george@eik.bme.hu

2. Phases of urban growth 1 SuburbanisationUrbanisationDisurbanisationReurbanisation Central town Agglomerative ring Total urbanised area

3. Urban networks and their hierarchies The theory of central locations os one of the most important theories of regional economics Its development is connected to the name of two people: –August Lösch (1942): The Spatial Order of Economics –Walter Christaller (1933): Central Locations in Southern Germany 2

4. Christaller’s model Each product has its own maximal market area and maximal price, which – ceteris paribus – will depend on the production and transport costs If transport costs are relatively large compared to production costs, and consumers are less willing to pay a higher price, the market area will be relatively small If transport costs are relatively small and/or consumers are willing to pay a higher transport cost, the market area will be bigger. This all depends on the properties and the demand of the product 3

5. A hexagonal system 4

6. System of Centres The rank of a city is not determined by its population or territory Instead, it is determined by how many different kinds of trading and services functions they fulfil, and what market area it serves This is the so-called „importance-sufficit” If the same basket of goods and services are consumed frequently by a larger number of people, there needs to be a denser network expanding to many localities If fewer people consume less frequently, a smaller network will do, which will be restricted to greater centres only. 5

7. System of Centres – in numbers m= category number of settlement P m = the population served by a centre of the m th order C m = the population of a centre of the m th order K= the part of population of the area living in the Centre S= the number of lower order areas pertaining to a larger area If k = 0,5 and s = 3, then: 6 CategoryPop. of CentrePop. of AreaNo. of Centres 11 0002 000243 26 00012 00081 336 00072 00027 4216 000432 0009 51 296 0002 592 0003 67 776 00015 552 0001

8. System of Centres – graphically 7

9. Lösch’s approach to the markets Each product and service has a market area of a different size This would trigger us to create countless market areas and centres, which is obviously irrational. If we align networks of markets to the Primary Centre, and then we rotate these around the Centre, such that as many networks and centres should coincide… … experience will tell us that this will result in 12 sectors, 6 sectors will have a much larger number of centres than the other 6 8

10. Lösch’s market networks – graphically 9

11. Multiplicators and Tinbergen’s Model The theories of Christaller, Lösch and Keynes may be connected in Tinbergen’s Model In this model, the network of settlements is such a system, whose ultimate goal is the provision of food- producing village dwellers with products and services In developed countries, this is done by Centres on different levels and providing particular goods and services 10

12. Jan Tinbergen’s Model Let’s take k as the number of Centres on the various levels Each centre on any level produces the goods and services assigned to them… …but each centre is also capable of producing the goods and services on inferior levels. Y is the national product of the country L 0, L 1, L 2, … L n are the ratios of the products and services belonging to each functional category in the national product of the country 11

13. An example of Jan Tinbergen’s Model Let’s take the population of a region to be 100 000 people –55% of all income is spent on agricultural products, –20% is spent on low-level services –15% is spent in medium-level services –10% is spent on high-level services According to Tinbergen’s Model, 55 000 people live in villages, 13 750 in low-level centres, 16 045 in medium level centes, and 15 385 live in high-level centres Let’s suppose there is a change in demand: –40% will be spent on agricultural products –25% on low-level services –20% on medium-level services –15% on high level services 12

14. Effect of sectorial change on spatial location 13 Settlement type Original population Population after change Change in % Village55 00040 000-27 Low-level centre 13 75013 000-3 Medium-level centre 16 04519 394+21 High-level centre 15 38527 273+77 Total region100 000 0

15. Rank-size models Rank-size models are an alternative approach to urban networks, essentially yielding the same structure This distribution holds for –Distribution of wealth among people, –Avalanches, –Forest fires, –Floods, –Distribution of frequency and magnitude of wars, –Structure of urban network 14