1. The RESULTS

2. Purpose: to describe the results of data analysis that are relevant to the study purpose

3. The RESULTS Purpose: to describe the results of data analysis that are relevant to the study purpose

4. The RESULTS Purpose: to describe the results of data analysis that are relevant to the study purpose ● Start with tables and figures. Write the text later.

5. Tables/Figures

6. Use tables to highlight individual values. Use figures to highlight trends/relationships. Check your math. Provide consistent row or column summation. Keep lines to a minimum; avoid vertical lines. Use footnotes to clarify points of potential ambiguity. Check heading, labels of rows/columns/axes, and footnotes.

7. Tables/Figures Use tables to highlight individual values. Use figures to highlight trends/relationships. Check your math. Provide consistent row or column summation. Keep lines to a minimum; avoid vertical lines. Use footnotes to clarify points of potential ambiguity. Check heading, labels of rows/columns/axes, and footnotes.

10. Tables/Figures Use tables to highlight individual values. Use figures to highlight trends/relationships. Check your math. Provide consistent row or column summation. Keep lines to a minimum; avoid vertical lines. Use footnotes to clarify points of potential ambiguity. Check heading, labels of rows/columns/axes, and footnotes.

11. MaleFemaleTotal Exposure GroupNo. (%) IDU*4026 (70)613 (47)4639 (66) With male-male sex 628 (11)--628 (13) Male-male sex1281 (22)--1281 (18) Heterosexual Transmission245 (4) 553 (43)798 (11) Sexual contact with IDU123 (2) 423 (33)546 (8) Blood products97 (2) 87 (7)184 (3) Other/Unknown133 (2) 45 (3)178 (2) TOTAL5782 (100)1298 (100)7080 (100) *IDU: injecting-drug user Can you find the calculation error in this table?

12. MaleFemaleTotal Exposure GroupNo. (%) IDU*4026 (70)613 (47)4639 (66) With male-male sex 628 (11)--628 (139) Male-male sex1281 (22)--1281 (18) Heterosexual Transmission245 (4) 553 (43)798 (11) Sexual contact with IDU123 (2) 423 (33)546 (8) Blood products97 (2) 87 (7)184 (3) Other/Unknown133 (2) 45 (3)178 (2) TOTAL5782 (100)1298 (100)7080 (100) *IDU: injecting-drug user

13. Tables/Figures Use tables to highlight individual values. Use figures to highlight trends/relationships. Check your math. Provide consistent row or column summation. Keep lines to a minimum; avoid vertical lines. Use footnotes to clarify points of potential ambiguity. Check heading, labels of rows/columns/axes, and footnotes.

14. MaleFemaleTotal Exposure GroupNo. (%) IDU*4026 (70)613 (47)4639 (66) Male-male sex1281 (22)--1281 (18) Heterosexual Transmission245 (4) 553 (43)798 (11) Blood products97 (2) 87 (7)184 (3) Other/Unknown133 (2) 45 (3)178 (2) TOTAL5782 (82)1298 (18)7080 (100) *IDU: injecting-drug user

15. Tables/Figures Use tables to highlight individual values. Use figures to highlight trends/relationships. Check your math. Provide consistent row or column summation. Keep lines to a minimum; avoid vertical lines. Use footnotes to clarify points of potential ambiguity. Check heading, labels of rows/columns/axes, and footnotes.

16. Tables/Figures Use tables to highlight individual values. Use figures to highlight trends/relationships. Check your math. Provide consistent row or column summation. Keep lines to a minimum; avoid vertical lines. Use footnotes to clarify points of potential ambiguity. Check heading, labels of rows/columns/axes, and footnotes.

17. Tables/Figures Use tables to highlight individual values. Use figures to highlight trends/relationships. Check your math. Provide consistent row or column summation. Keep lines to a minimum; avoid vertical lines. Use footnotes to clarify points of potential ambiguity. Check heading, labels of rows/columns/axes, and footnotes.

18. Table 2. Exposure groups among adults by gender. EXPOSURE GROUP ADULT MALEADULT FEMALETOTAL IDU*4026 (70%)613 (47%)4639(66%) [Male-male sex + IDU] [628/4026 = 16%] 0[628/4639= 13%] MALE-MALE SEX1281 (22%)01281 (18%) HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION 245 (4%)553 (43%)798(11%) [Heterosexual Transmission through contact with an injecting- drug user] [123/245= 50%][423/553= 76%][546/798= 68%] BLOOD PRODUCTS 97 (2%)87 (7%)201 (3%) OTHER/ UNKNOWN 133 (2%)45 (3%)178 (2%) TOTAL5782 (82%)1298 (18%)7080 *IDU: injecting-drug user

19. Table 2. Adult AIDS cases, by exposure group and sex, Puerto Rico, 1981-1991. MaleFemaleTotal Exposure GroupNo. (%) IDU*4026 (70)613 (47)4639 (66) With male-male sex 628 (11)--628 (9) Male-male sex1281 (22)--1281 (18) Heterosexual Transmission245 (4) 553 (43)798 (11) Sexual contact with IDU123 (2) 423 (33)546 (8) Blood products97 (2) 87 (7)184 (3) Other/Unknown133 (2) 45 (3)178 (2) TOTAL5782 (100)1298 (100)7080 (100) *IDU: injecting-drug user Remember: minimum number of lines no vertical lines Do you see any shortcomings in this improved table?

20. Table 2. Adult AIDS cases, by exposure group and sex, Puerto Rico, 1981-1991 MaleFemaleTotal Exposure Group No. (%) IDU*3398 (59)613 (47)4011 (57) MSM**1281 (22)--1281 (18) IDU + MSM 628 (11)--628 (9) Heterosexual Transmission122 (2) 130 (10)252 (3) Heterosexual Transmission + sexual contact with IDU 123 (2) 423 (33)546 (8) Blood products97 (2) 87 (7)184 (3) Other/Unknown133 (2) 45 (3)178 (2) TOTAL5782 (100)1298 (100)7080 (100) *IDU: Injecting-drug user ** MSM: Men who have sex with men

21. Table 2. Adult AIDS cases, by exposure group and sex, Puerto Rico, 1981-1991 Male (n=5782) Female (n=1298) Total (n=7080) Exposure Group%% IDU*594757 MSM**22--18 IDU + MSM 11--9 Heterosexual Transmission2 103 Heterosexual Transmission + sexual contact with IDU 2 338 Blood products2 73 Other/Unknown2 32 * IDU: Injecting-drug user ** MSM: Men who have sex with men

22. The RESULTS Purpose: to describe the results of data analysis that are relevant to the study purpose ● Start with tables and figures. Write the text later. ● Text supplements/reinforces tables and figures.

23. Text Summarize/emphasize highlights. Be brief: a picture (table/figure) is worth a thousand words. Fill in gaps. Make sure text is consistent with tables/figures.

24. Text Summarize/emphasize highlights. Be brief: a picture (table/figure) is worth a thousand words. Fill in gaps. Make sure text is consistent with tables/figures.

25. Text Summarize/emphasize highlights. Be brief: a picture (table/figure) is worth a thousand words. Fill in gaps. Make sure text is consistent with tables/figures.

28. Smoking initiation rates were similar among adolescents and young adults from 1980 through 1984; from 1984 through 1989 rates increased among adolescents and decreased among young adults, (Fig). S&W rule #5, p5

29. Smoking initiation rates were similar among adolescents and young adults from 1980 through 1984; from 1984 through 1989 rates increased among adolescents and decreased among young adults, (Fig). Smoking initiation rates were similar among adolescents and young adults from 1980 through 1984 (4.8-5.5% vs 4.4-5.1%); from 1984 through 1989 rates increased among adolescents and decreased among young adults, (Fig). Smoking initiation rates were similar among adolescents and young adults from 1980 through 1984 (4.8-5.5% vs 4.4-5.1%); from 1984 through 1989 rates increased among adolescents and decreased among young adults, (Fig). In 1988 and 1989 the smoking initiation rate among adolescents was about two percentage points higher than among young adults.

30. Text Summarize/emphasize highlights. Be brief: a picture (table/figure) is worth a thousand words. Fill in gaps. Make sure text is consistent with tables/figures.

31. Text Summarize/emphasize highlights. Be brief: a picture (table/figure) is worth a thousand words. Fill in gaps. Make sure text is consistent with tables/figures.

33. Text Summarize/emphasize highlights. Be brief: a picture (table/figure) is worth a thousand words. Fill in gaps. Make sure text is consistent with tables/figures. Remember that readers aren’t mind readers.

34. Adolescents (aged 13-19 years) and young adults (aged 20-29 years) accounted for 25% and 27% of heterosexual ‑ contact cases reported in 1992 and 1993, respectively.

35. 1992 1993 13- 29 years 25% 27% 13-19 20-29 1992-1993 25% 27%

36. 1992 1993 13- 29 years 25% 27% 13-19 20-29 1992-1993 25% 27%

37. 1992 1993 13- 29 years 25% 27% Now let’s try to revise the original text.

38. Adolescents (aged 13-19 years) and young adults (aged 20-29 years) accounted for 25% and 27% of heterosexual ‑ contact cases reported in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Persons aged 13-29 years accounted for 25% and 27% of heterosexual ‑ contact cases reported in 1992 and 1993, respectively.

39. Reader trying to read the author’s mind

40. Persons aged 13-29 years accounted for 25% and 27% of heterosexual ‑ contact cases reported in 1992 and 1993, respectively. “Respectively” – see Strunk and White, p57 Can we revise this sentence without using “respectively”?

41. Persons aged 13-29 years accounted for 25% and 27% of heterosexual ‑ contact cases reported in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Persons aged 13–29 years accounted for 25% of heterosexual ‑ contact cases reported in 1992 and 27% in 1993.

42. The RESULTS Purpose: to describe the results of data analysis that are relevant to the study purpose ● Start with tables and figures. Write the text later. ● Text supplements/reinforces tables and figures. ● Present results in a logical sequence.

43. Logical Sequence in parallel with methods background data  descriptive  bivariate  multivariable

44. The RESULTS Purpose: to describe the results of data analysis that are relevant to the study purpose ● Start with tables and figures. Write the text later. ● Text supplements/reinforces tables and figures. ● Present results in a logical sequence. ● Describe what you found, not what you did (Methods).

45. Results (Excerpt: Neonatal Intensive Care Nurse Stressors: An American Study) The highest ratings for selected stressor items on a five-point scale (0-4) were floating out of the unit (3.38; SD=1.02; n=53), unnecessary prolongation of life (3.10; SD=1.27; n=51), emergencies/arrests (3.07; SD=1.03; n=57), and inadequate staffing (3.04; SD=1.04; n=56).

46. StressornScoreSD Floating533.381.02 Prolongation513.101.27 Emerg/arrests573.071.03 Inad staffing563.041.04 Xxx...... Yyy...... Zzz......

47. The most stressful factors were floating out of the unit, unnecessary prolongation of life, emergencies/arrests, and inadequate staffing. (S&W, rule 7, p7) The most stressful factors were the following: floating out of the unit, unnecessary prolongation of life, emergencies/arrests, and inadequate staffing. (S&W: Words and Expressions Commonly Misused) “Factor” – “can usually be replaced by something more direct” The most stressful situations were the following: floating out of the unit, unnecessary prolongation of life, emergencies/arrests, and inadequate staffing. NICU nurses identified the following situations as the most stressful: floating out of the unit, unnecessary prolongation of life, emergencies/arrests, and inadequate staffing.

48. NICU nurses identified the following situations as the most stressful: floating out of the unit, unnecessary prolongation of life, emergencies/arrests, and inadequate staffing (Table).

49. The RESULTS Purpose: to describe the results of data analysis that are relevant to the study purpose ● Start with tables and figures. Write the text later. ● Text supplements/reinforces tables and figures. ● Present results in a logical sequence. ● Describe what you found, not what you did (Methods). ● Consider logical subsections.

50. Risk Factors for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease among Navajo Adults METHODS Setting and Case Ascertainment Participants Data Collection Definitions of Study Variables Statistical Analysis Ethical Considerations RESULTS Characteristics of study subjects Univariable analysis Multivariable analysis

51. The RESULTS Purpose: to describe the results of data analysis that are relevant to the study purpose ● Start with tables and figures. Write the text later. ● Text supplements/reinforces tables and figures. ● Present results in a logical sequence. ● Describe what you found, not what you did (Methods). ● Consider logical subsections (maybe similar to the ones in Methods). ● Look to published articles for potential templates.

52. Soft Drink Consumption and Risk of Developing Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and the Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Adults in the Community Methods Results Study Sample Measurement of Covariates Assessment of Soft Drink Consumption and Dietary Intake of Other Foods Definition and Components of the Metabolic Syndrome Statistical Analyses Soft Drink Consumption and Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Soft Drink Consumption and Incidence of the Metabolic Syndrome Incidence of Individual Components of Incidence of Individual Components of the Metabolic Syndrome Metabolic Syndrome

53. RESULTS Impact of the Standard Weight Loss Intervention Maintenance Intervention Effects BSM Psychological Targets SFM Psychological Targets Child Social Problems as a Moderator of Weight Outcome

54. The RESULTS Purpose: to describe the results of data analysis that are relevant to the study purpose ● Start with tables and figures. Write the text later. ● Text supplements/reinforces tables and figures. ● Present results in a logical sequence. ● Describe what you found, not what you did (Methods). ● Consider logical subsections (maybe similar to the ones in Methods). ● Look to published articles for potential templates.

55. The RESULTS Purpose: to describe the results of data analysis that are relevant to the study purpose ● Start with tables and figures. Write the text later. ● Text supplements/reinforces tables and figures. ● Present results in a logical sequence. ● Describe what you found, not what you did (Methods). ● Consider subsections similar to the ones in Methods. ● Look to published articles for potential templates. (often requires just three paragraphs + three tables/figures)

56. When the sins of the Methods section

57. When the sins of the Methods section return to haunt

58. When the sins of the Methods section return to haunt the Results section

59. Reliability of Information on Chronic Disease Risk Factors Collected in the Missouri Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Now how do we answer the question: “Do ‘reliability’ and ‘agreement’ mean the same thing?