1. Pure Tone Audiometry SPA 4302 Summer A, 2004

2. The Pure-Tone Audiometer Electronic device that generates tones for determining hearing thresholds Manufactured to specifications of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Air/Bone Conduction Testable frequencies (A/C): 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000 Hz Testable frequencies (B/C): 250 through 4000 Hz Masking control available

3. Test Environment Background noise may affect audiometric results by elevating thresholds Three ways room noise may be attenuated Earphone enclosure device Insert earphones – foam tipped receivers that are inserted directly into the ears Sound isolated chambers

4. The Patient’s Role Patients must be aware that they are to indicate when they hear a tone Patient response: hand raise, finger raise, signal button, vocal response, play False responses –False negatives: patient fails to indicate when they’ve heard a tone - misunderstood or forgotten instructions, feigning or exaggerating loss –False positives: patients responds when no tone is presented – usually occurs when there are long silent periods in the test

5. The Clinician’s Role Convey task instructions to patient Ensure understanding Patient position –Position patient so they cannot observe the clinician’s movements

6. Air-Conduction Audiometry Specifies hearing sensitivity at various frequencies Can’t tell whether deficit is conductive or sensorineural, or mixed Earphone placed with diaphragm aimed directly over canal opening Be careful of canals that collapse due to the pressure of the earphones – use insert earphones if this is a potential problem

7. Air-Conduction Audiometry Test the known or suspected better ear first Test at the octave points and the mid-octaves (750, 1500, 3000, 6000 Hz) if there is a difference of 20 dB or more between adjacent octaves Begin at 1000 Hz – easily heard by most and high test-retest reliability

8. Measuring a Threshold Start presenting pure tones at 30 dB HL –No response? Raise the level to 50 dB HL –Still no response? Raise the level in 10 dB increments Whenever person responds, lower the level 10 dB Whenever no response, raise the level in 5 dB Threshold=the lowest level at which the patient can correctly identify the tone presentation at least 50% of the time, with a minimum of 3 responses at a given level.

9. Air-Conduction Audiometry Pure-tone average (PTA)=average of air conduction thresholds obtained at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz in one ear –Useful for predicting threshold for speech Percentage of Hearing Impairment –Ignores audiometric configuration and looks only at average hearing loss –Often confusing and misleading to patients

10. Air-Conduction Audiometry PTA (dB) Degree of Communication Impact 0-15None 16-25Slight 26-40Mild 41-55Moderate 56-70Moderately Severe 71-90Severe > 91Profound

11. Air-Conduction Audiometry The Audiogram –Frequency (in hertz) on the x-axis, Intensity (in dB HL) on the y-axis –Moving left to right, frequency increases; moving top to bottom, intensity increases –Symbols are placed to correspond to threshold at a given frequency: Air conductionBone conductionAir—MaskedBone—Masked Right O < [ Left X > ]

12. The Audiogram Thresholds by frequency Hearing by air and bone transmission

13. Severity of Hearing Loss

14. Bone-Conduction Audiometry 3 Mechanisms of Bone Conduction –Distortional Bone Conduction –Inertial Bone Conduction –Osseotympanic Bone Conduction Bone Oscillator Placement Mastoid process, or, Forehead

15. Bone-Conduction Audiometry Occlusion Effect –When the ears of patients with normal hearing or SNHL are covered or occluded, there is an increase in intensity of sound delivered via a bone oscillator –Affects 1000 Hz and below –Result of increase in SPL in the ear canal when the outer ear is covered –Markedly decreased when insert phones are used (as opposed to supra-aural headphones)

16. Bone-Conduction Audiometry No matter where the oscillator is placed, you can never be sure which cochlea is being stimulated! (more on this to come) Frequencies usually tested: –250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz Symbols for bone conduction are only connected on the audiogram (with dashed lines) when there is a conductive or mixed loss.

17. Audiogram Interpretation Look at: hearing sensitivity by AC hearing sensitivity by BC AC/BC difference (a.k.a. the air-bone gap) No air-bone gap = normal or SNHL AC worse than BC = conductive hearing loss Watchout: low frequencies at high levels via BC can be perceived as a tactile signal!

19. Another Thing to Watch Out For: Cross Hearing: sound delivered to one ear but perceived in the other ear. Interaural Attenuation (IA)—How much sound it takes to reach the other side: –Air conduction IA = 40 dB –Bone conduction IA = 0 dB Danger for cross-hearing –For AC—If AC threshold in the test ear, minus IA, is greater than or equal to the BC threshold of the opposite ear –For BC—If Air-bone gap of test ear exceeds 10 dB

20. Masking Masking—keeping the non-test ear “busy” in order to ensure that it is actually the test ear which is responding Noises used to mask: –White noise—has approximately equal energy per cycle & covers a broad range of frequencies –Narrowband noise—made up of frequencies that immediately surround the pure tone being tested Insert earphones recommended because: –They lessen the occlusion effect –They provide much more interaural attenuation

21. Effective Masking: Calibration of the noise dB EM (Effective Masking) describes the level to which a threshold will shift in the presence of a given level of noise So, 45 dB EM should raise the threshold for a tone to 45 dB HL in the ear in which both are presented.

22. Masking Masking for air conduction –“Shotgun” Approach –Minimum-noise method –Maximum-noise method –Plateau method Masking for bone conduction –Similar to air conduction –Beware of occlusion effect, and overmasking

23. Computerized Audiometry Using a device remotely operated by a computer and data is stored Computer can control all aspects of testing and masking and analyze patient responses Used more often for military, industrial, and educational applications (large number of people to test)