1. Masking: Insuring that the non-test cochlea is not helping out. Making sure that the ear you want to test is the one that is responding.

2. Putting noise into non-test ear via Air Conduction To "keep it busy." For tones use Narrow band noise (1/3 octave). For speech use white or pink (speech) noise.

3. WHY? Cross Hearing! Key Concept=Interaural attenuation! The amount of sound required to bridge across the head and stimulate the opposite cochlea by BC. Unmasked thresholds trace out a “shadow curve” displaced from the non-test ear by the size of IA.

4. INTERAURAL ATTENUATION TDH-49 : approx. 40 to 60 dB. Bone Vibrator: approx. 0 to 10 dB. Insert Phone: approx. 75-90 dB.

5. Supra-aural Minimum IA Values: Frequency (Hz)Min IA: 12535 25040 50040 100040 200045 400050 800050 (Test Ear AC  – Non-test BC  )

6. Effective Masking Calibration of decibel level of maskers Level to which tone threshold will be shifted in the presence of the masker.  e.g., a 45 dB EM narrow band noise centered at 2000 Hz would raise someone’s threshold for a 2000 Hz tone to 45 dB HL **

7. When to mask Air Conduction? AC: when unmasked threshold in TE is greater than BC threshold in NTE by the minimum IA value or more.

8. When to mask Bone Conduction Mask any significant Air-Bone Gap: Katz: >10 dB Many others: >10 dB Air-Bone Gap = AC  te -BC  te

9. Masking Air Conduction: Performed w/ earphones in place. Bone Conduction: Performed w/ bone in place and earphone on NTE only!

10. Ranges of Masking

11. Undermasking: condition when noise presented to the NTE is not sufficient to keep it from contributing to the response.

12. Sufficient Masking: condition when the noise presented to the NTE is sufficient to keep it from contributing to the response and is not intense enough to influence the ability of the TE to respond.

13. Overmasking: condition when the noise presented to the NTE is intense enough to cross over to the TE and mask it.

14. How much Noise? Where to start/Where to stop? Initial Masking: Katz: 30 dB SL EM in non-test ear If no shift in test ear threshold? If threshold shifts, then what?

15. Hood Technique: following unmasked thresholds. leave tone at unmasked threshold, set masker to Initial Masking present tone – if yes, masker up 10 dB & repeat, – if no, then tone up 10 dB & repeat.

16. Hood Technique (continued) when responses to tone obtained at same level through several steps of the masker, you have reached the "plateau." leaving masker at that level repeat threshold sweeps. Mark masked threshold symbol and final level of masking.

18. Turner’s Optimized Masking 1. Measure an unmasked AC threshold for each ear and an unmasked BC threshold. 2. At each frequency, determine if masking is required using conventional criteria. 3. Set the initial masking level equal to the AC threshold of the test ear (TE) minus 10 dB and reestablish threshold.

19. Optimized Masking (cont’d) 4. Determine the dB shift in threshold due to the masker. 5. Increase the masking level an amount equal to the threshold shift and reestablish threshold. 6. If threshold improves or does not shift, the masker is in the plateau and the actual threshold has been determined. If the threshold shifts, repeat steps 5 and 6.

20. Optimized method Valid measure of threshold As simple as the plateau method More time efficient than plateau method Can replace the plateau method in MOST situations

21. Recommended Protocol (can be used in all masking situations with supra-aural or insert phones) When testing the poorer ear: – If the unmasked AC thresholds differ by more than 20 dB, then use the optimized method. – If the difference in unmasked AC thresholds is 20 dB or less, then there are two options: Use the plateau method with 5 dB masker steps or Initially use the plateau method with 10 dB steps. If no plateau can be identified, then retest using 5 dB steps.

22. Recommended Protocol When testing BC thresholds: – Always set the initial masking level at least 30 dB greater than the unmasked BC threshold. – If the masking method being used specifies a greater value, use that. – This strategy automatically compensates for occlusion effect correction factors up to 20 dB.

23. Recommended Protocol When testing the better ear (seldom necessary for AC thresholds): – Use the plateau method with 5 dB masker steps

24. Additional notes Thresholds can be reestablished using the traditional up-down search or the single-tone procedure. The single-tone procedure will reduce testing time. Try to avoid high masking levels. – Occasionally, the optimized method may specify a large increase in masking level, and that increase may produce a masker greater than 80 dB HL. When this occurs, consider using smaller increases in masking level to identify plateau.

25. The Occlusion Effect Enhancement of Bone Conduction produced by closing off the external ear canal. Most pronounced at frequencies below 1000 Hz Can be as much as 25 dB at 500 Hz Issue for Masking? (Optimized-No)

26. What to do about the Occlusion Effect? Add to your starting level at low frequencies: 250 Hz -- additional 15 dB 500 Hz -- additional 15 dB 1000 Hz -- additional 10 dB (Goldstein & Newman, 1994)