1. Young-sam Kim / M.D Course School of Information Technology Dept. of Computer Engineering Korea University of Technology and Education Location Tracking in a WSN by Mobile Agents and Its Data Fusion Strategies Yu-Chee Tseng, Sheng-Po Kuo, Hung-Wei Lee, and Chi-Fu Huang

2. Contents  Abstract  Introduction  Network Model & Problem Statement  The Location Tracking Protocol  Fusion & Delivery of Tracking Results  Prototyping Experiences and Simulation Results  Conclusion  Q/A

3. - Abstract -

4. Abstract (1)  Providing ubiquitous sensing, computing and communication capability -> greatly facilitate human life 1. WSN (Wireless Sensor Network)2. Location Tracking (1)  One of the central issues in sensor networks.  To monitor the roaming path of a moving object.

5. Abstract (2)  Similar to the location-update problem in PCS networks.  Location Tracking is more challenging in two senses. 1) Central control mechanism & backbone network. (X) 2) Wireless communication bandwidth is very limited. 3. Location Tracking (2)4. Proposed paradigm  Novel protocol based on the mobile agent paradigm.  The communication & sensing overheads are greatly reduced.  Based on IEEE 802.11b, NICs

6. - Introduction -

7. WSN (1) Rapid progress Wireless communicationMEMS technologiesWireless Sensor Network Inexpensive node collecting processing storing Environmental Info

8. WSN (2) 1. Sensor are connected  Past : wire lines.  Today : wire lines + wireless ad hoc network 1) The flexibility of installation & configuration is greatly improved. 2) Research activities have recently been commenced in SN

9. WSN (3) 2. Issues remain to be resolved  Scalability - coverage and exposure problems  Stability - stable and fault-tolerant  Power-saving - since no plug-in power is available - energy consumption of communications might be a major factor - mobile agent-based solutions are sometimes more power-efficient

10. Proposed paradigm 3. Novel protocol based on the mobile agent paradigm  To solve the location tracking problem  Advantage 1) sensing, computing & communication overheads can be greatly reduced. -> delivery & fusion of the tracking results 2) on-site or follow-me services may be provided

11. Network Model & Problem Statement

12. Network Model (1)  Sensor network (2D)  Triangular network (regular)

13. Network Model (2) & Problem Statement  Sensing scope is r  Working Area is A0, Backup Area is A1, A2, A3 Practice errors may exist, and thus more sensors will be needed to improve the accuracy.

14. The Location Tracking Protocol

15. Basic Idea  Proposed protocol is derived by the cooperation of sensors. (master 1, slave 2)

16. Protocol Details (1)  Assume that … 1) Sensors can distinguish one object from the other 2) Each object periodically send a unique ID 3) focus on only one particular object

17. Protocol Details (2)  Master agent : closets to the object - go to master state & protocol  Slave agents : nearby sensors - go to slave state & protocol  Once the object enters the backup areas, the roles of master & slave may be changed

18. Protocol Details (3) Master For track1, the master discovers two slaves losing the target simultaneously. For track2, only the slave agent in S1 will be revoked, and new one will be invited. For track3, the master discovers one slave as well as itself losing the target

19. Protocol Details (4)  Each sensor will keep an object list (OL). unique identity, denote by ID, two sub-field  Two sub-field : status & time-stamp 1) ID.state : Master, Slave, Standby, Inhibited 2) time-stamp is the time when the record is last updated.

20. Protocol Details (5)  Seven types of control messages 1) bid-master(ID, sig) 2) assign_slave(ID, si, t) 3) revoke_slave(si) 4) inhibit(ID) 5) release(ID) 6) move_master(ID, si, hist) 7) data(ID, sig, ts)

21. Basic Protocol

22. Election Protocol

23. Master Protocol

24. Slave Protocol

25. Extension to Irregular Network Topologies  The election process does not need to be changed.  The rules to migrate masters/slaves need to be modified.  Sensors need to know the locations of at least their two-hop neighbors.  Still use one master and two slaves to track an object.

26. Extension to Irregular Network Topologies  How to define the master & slaves ? The problem can be solved by a divide-and-conquer solution in time complexity

27. Fusion & Delivery of Tracking Results

28. Fusion & Delivery of Tracking Results (1)  Assume that… one of the sensors in the network serves as the gateway connecting to a location server in the wireline network.

29. Fusion & Delivery of Tracking Results (2)  Propose three data delivery solutions. 1) Non-Agent-Based (NAB) strategy. Each sensor works independently and forwards its sensing results back to the gateway 2) Threshold-Based (TB) strategy. 3) Distance-Based (DB) strategy. The delivery action may be taken only when the master agent moves.

30. Prototyping Experiences

31.  IEEE 802.11b NICs Object Sensor 1 Sensor 0 Sensor 2

32. Prototyping Experiences

33.  Position approximation algorithm

34. Prototyping Experiences

39. Simulation Results

40. Simulation Results (1)

41. Simulation Results (2)

42. Conclusions

43. Conclusion  A mobile-agent approach, A data fusion model and several data delivery strategies are significantly reducing the communication & sensing overheads.

44. Q/A

45. Thank you