1. 1 Prediction-based Strategies for Energy Saving in Object Tracking Sensor Networks Yingqi Xu, Wang-Chien Lee Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM ’ 04)

2. 2 Outline Introduction Dual Prediction Problem formulation Basic energy saving schemes Solution space Analysis and comparison Prediction-based Energy Saving schemes (PES) Prediction model Wake up mechanism Recovery mechanism Performance evaluation Conclusion

3. 3 Introduction Bandwidth/wireless communication constraint Energy consumption Number of moving objects Reporting frequency Regular report vs. event-driven Data precision is closely related with the sampling frequency, the sampling duration and the location models Sensor sampling frequency Object moving speed Location information Location, movement speed, direction …

4. 4 Introduction(Cont1.) Localized sensor network architecture ： Most of the sensor nodes keep sleeping until waken up by an active sensor node, via a low power paging channel, to anticipate the task of object tracking Hierarchical clustering architecture All the sensor nodes within a cluster send data to their cluster head.

5. 5 Introduction(Cont2.) TDMA is used as MAC protocol for the communication between a sensor node and its cluster head. Low power paging channel is used for communications among sensor nodes. Paging channel is more flexible and power efficient, since the sensor nodes are activated on demand.

6. 6 Dual prediction Energy efficiency of the sensor networks can be improved by Reducing long distance transmissions The radio component can be turned off if no communication is needed. Predictions about future movement of a tracked object are calculated at both of a sensor node and its cluster head.

7. 7 Dual prediction(Cont.) The sensor nodes do not send an update of object movement to its cluster head unless it is different from the prediction. No prediction values need to be sent from cluster heads to sensor nodes.

8. 8 Problem formulation Requirements: A sensor network with S sensor nodes is equipped to track O moving objects. Each sampling duration takes X seconds. The application requires the sensor nodes to report the objects location (represented by Sensor ID) every T seconds. Problem Definition: Given the requirements for the object tracking application, develop energy saving schemes which minimize overall energy consumption of the OTSN under an acceptable missing rate.

9. 9 Problem formulation(Cont.) 2 performance metrics: total energy consumption measures the performance of various energy saving schemes missing rate denotes the ratio of sensor node failing to report on time the required information about the moving objects to the application

10. 10 Basic energy saving schemes Naive: all the sensor nodes stays in active mode to monitor their detection areas all the time use Naive as a baseline for comparisons with other schemes Scheduled Monitoring (SM): all the sensor nodes can turn to sleep and only wake up when it ’ s time to monitor their detection areas and report sensed results all the S nodes will be activated for X second then go to sleep for (T − X) seconds

11. 11 Basic energy saving schemes(Cont.) Continuous Monitoring (CM): Only the sensor node who has the object in its detection area will be activated. An awake node actively monitors the object until the object enters a neighboring cell. It may wake up the destination node (handoff) W seconds before object enters. W, depending on the transmission rate and object moving speed, is typically very small. Ideal scheme the optimal solution, for each moving object, only one sensor node needs to be woken to monitor.

12. 12 Solution space

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14. 14 Analysis and comparison Only take into account the energy cost for MCU and sensor components but not the communication cost. Ewake : the energy consumption rate (per second) in active mode Esleep : the energy consumption rate in sleeping mode Assume the OTSN has operated continuously for TS seconds. In all those basic schemes, the missing rate is 0%.

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16. 16 Prediction-based Energy Saving schemes(PES) Minimize both of the sampling frequency and the number of nodes involved in object tracking PES consists of 3 parts: prediction model : anticipates the future movement of an object so only the sensor nodes expected to discover the object will be activated wake up mechanism : based on some heuristics taking both energy and performance into accounts, sets up which nodes and when they should be activated recovery mechanism : initiated only when the network loses the track of an object

17. 17 Prediction-based Energy Saving schemes(Cont.) Current node ： The sensor node, where an object is currently monitored Target (Destination) node ： The target node where the object eventually enters All sensor nodes will be activated for X second then go to sleep for (T − X) seconds

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19. 19 Prediction model Instant (Constant) model assumes the moving object movement, direction and velocity, remains the same Average model records and passes an object moving history derives its future movement by averaging the history Incurs some communication overhead the movement history passing among sensor nodes the overhead is controlled by the size of the history or the number of the past states recorded.

20. 20 Prediction model(Cont.) Exponential Average(EXP_AVG) model EXP_AVG assigns different weights to the different stages of history. EXP_AVG is able to control the weights to the history which may reflect the objects ’ future movement. EXP_AVG compress the history information into a value, thus can reduce the transmission overhead.

21. 21 Wake up mechanism DESTINATION: The current node only informs the destination node. the overhead for this heuristic is one node ROUTE: Informs the target nodes also include the nodes on the route (from the current node to the destination node). Waking up the nodes on the route can efficiently catch up the speed changes.

22. 22 Wake up mechanism(Cont.) ALL NBR: Inform the nodes on the route and the destination node, the current node also informs the neighboring nodes surrounding the route Wake up more nodes reduce the probability of objects missing ROUTES and DESTINATION are more energy efficient They assume at lease one of the estimations for moving direction or speed is correct.

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24. 24 Recovery mechanism PES needs a recovery mechanism to relocate the object, when the object is not found by the current and target nodes. wakes up all the nodes surrounding the estimated route of the moving objects by using the ALL NBR But ALL NBR recovery does not guarantee the activated nodes can find the missing object. flooding recovery message via ultra low energy paging channel.

25. 25 Performance evaluation Simulation model: simulator : CSIM 95 logical sensor nodes in a 120 × 120 meter 2 monitored region. The sensing coverage range is 15m. The network is based on a hexagon topology. moving objects behavior : speed = 5m/s, pausetime = 600ms

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28. 28 Performance evaluation(Cont.) pause time : control the frequency a moving object changing its state (speed and direction) small pause time : makes the moving pattern of an object dynamic and difficult to predict long pause time : keeps constant movement state longer and is easier to predict average speed : control an object ’ s possible moving range. The average direction change is fixed to simplify this simulation.

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34. 34 Conclusion PES can effectively reduce the energy consumption on MCU and sensor components.