1. Chapter 3: American Free Enterprise Opener

2. Slide 2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Opener Essential Question What role should government play in a free market economy?

3. Slide 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Opener Guiding Questions Section 1: Benefits of Free Enterprise –What are the benefits of free enterprise? The benefits of free enterprise include the freedom to buy and sell, the freedom to own private property, open opportunities for people to enter and exit the market, and legal equality.

4. Slide 4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Opener Guiding Questions Section 2: Promoting Growth and Stability –How does the U.S. government encourage growth and stability? The U.S government encourages growth and stability by promoting full employment, funding technological progress, and promoting economic citizenship.

5. Slide 5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Opener Guiding Questions Section 3: Providing Public Goods –Why does a society provide public goods? Societies provide public goods because these goods are beyond the scope and practicality of the free market.

6. Slide 6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Opener Guiding Questions Section 4: Providing a Safety Net –How does government help the poor? The government helps the poor through redistribution programs like welfare, in-kind benefits, medical benefits, and educational funding.

7. Chapter 3: American Free Enterprise Section 1

8. Slide 8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 Objectives 1.Define the basic principles of the U.S. free enterprise system. 2.Describe the role of the consumer in the American economy. 3.Identify the constitutional protections that underlie free enterprise. 4.Explain why the government may intervene in the marketplace.

9. Slide 9 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 Key Terms profit motive: the incentive that drives individuals and business owners open opportunity: the principle that anyone can compete in the marketplace legal equality: the principle that everyone has the same legal rights private property rights: the principle that people have the right to control their possessions and use them as they wish

10. Slide 10 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 Key Terms, cont. free contract: the principle that people may decide what agreements they want to enter into voluntary exchange: the principle that people may decide what, when, and how they want to buy and sell interest group: a private organization that tries to persuade public officials to act in ways that benefit its members patriotism: love of one’s country

11. Slide 11 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 Key Terms, cont. eminent domain: the right of a government to take private property for public use public interest: the concerns of society as a whole public discourse laws: laws requiring companies to provide information about their products or services

12. Slide 12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 Introduction What are the benefits of free enterprise? –Free enterprise makes it possible for people who have ideas and persistence to start businesses and make themselves successful. –Free enterprise also offers a great deal of economic freedom to the consumer.

13. Slide 13 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 What is Free Enterprise? The United States is considered by many to be a “land of opportunity.” The American tradition of free enterprise has been a key factor in supporting this belief.

14. Slide 14 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 Principles of Free Enterprise Characteristics of a free enterprise include: –Profit motive The American economy rests on recognition of the profit motive as a key incentive. In a free enterprise businesspeople make decisions based on what will increase their profits. –Open opportunity The American principle of open opportunity says that anyone can compete in the marketplace.

15. Slide 15 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 Principles, cont. Checkpoint: What are three key economic rights that Americans enjoy? –Legal equity American free enterprise believes in the principle that everyone has the same legal rights. –Private property The free enterprise system allows people to make their own decisions about their own property. –Freedom to buy and sell People can decide what agreements to enter into, as well as what, when, and how they want to buy and sell.

16. Slide 16 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 The Role of the Consumer Checkpoint: What role do consumers play in a free enterprise system? –In the free enterprise system consumers have the freedom to make their own economic choices. Through voluntary exchange, consumers send a signal to businesses, telling them what to produce and how much to make. –Consumers can also make their wishes known to businesses by joining interest groups, which influence public officials to act in ways that benefit its members.

18. Slide 18 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 The Constitution Free enterprise in the United States is written into the framework of the U.S. Constitution. –One right granted by the Constitution is the 5th Amendment, which protects private property from being taken from a citizen without due process. –However, the government is allowed to take property from an individual, paying fair market value for that property, when there is a public reason. This is known as eminent domain.

19. Slide 19 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 The Constitution, cont. The Constitution also spells out how government can tax individuals and businesses. –According to Article 1, Congress could levy taxes but not until the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 Congress could levy an income tax on individuals and businesses. Finally, the Constitution guarantees people and businesses the right to make contracts.

20. Slide 20 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 The Role of Government The government plays many roles in the marketplace. These roles include: –Carrying out the constitutional responsibilities to protect property rights, contracts, and other business activities –Making sure that producers provide consumers with information –Protecting the health, safety, and well-being of consumers.

21. Slide 21 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 Major Federal Regulatory Agencies All of the agencies to the right represent ways the federal government intervenes in the marketplace. –Identify one agency meant to protect each of the following: (a) public safety, (b) fair competition, (c) equality.

22. Slide 22 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 Negative Effects of Regulation Negative effects of government regulation include: –Rules are costly to implement –Regulations stifle competition –Increased government spending in industries because the government has to hire workers to do the actual oversight

23. Slide 23 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 1 Review Now that you have learned about the benefits of free enterprise, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. –What role should government play in a free market economy?

24. Chapter 3: American Free Enterprise Section 2

25. Slide 25 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 Objectives 1.Explain why the government tracks and seeks to influence business cycles. 2.Describe how the government promotes economic strength. 3.Analyze the factors that increase productivity.

26. Slide 26 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 Key Terms macroeconomics: the study of economic behavior and decision-making in a nation’s economy microeconomics: the study of the economic behavior and decision-making in small units, such as households and firms gross domestic product: the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year business cycle: a period of macroeconomic expansion, or growth, followed by one of contraction, or decline

27. Slide 27 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 Key Terms, cont. referendum: a proposed law submitted directly to the public obsolescence: situation in which older products and processes become out-of-date patent: a government license that gives the inventor of a new product the exclusive right to produce and sell it copyright: a government license that grants an author exclusive rights to publish and sell creative works work ethic: a commitment to the value of work

28. Slide 28 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 Introduction How does the U.S. government encourage growth and stability? –The U.S. government encourages growth and stability by: Tracking business cycles Promoting a high employment rate Keeping prices stable Encouraging the development of new technologies Taking pride in the American work ethic

29. Slide 29 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 Tracking Business Cycles Even under the free enterprise system, the government intervenes to influence macroeconomic trends. One measure of the nation’s economic well-being is gross domestic product (GDP). How much did the GDP grow between 1910 and 2010?

30. Slide 30 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 GDP and the Business Cycle During a period of growth, GDP goes up and in a period of contraction, GDP goes down. This pattern of a period of expansion followed by a period of contraction is called a business cycle. –Changes in the business cycle take place because individuals and businesses, acting in their own self-interest, make decisions about factors such as prices, production, and consumption.

31. Slide 31 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 Promoting Economic Strength Checkpoint: What three goals does the government try to meet when promoting economic strength? –High employment –Economic growth –Stability and security

32. Slide 32 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 Employment and Growth Employment –The government strives to make sure there are enough jobs for everyone who is able to work. –An unemployment rate between 4 percent and 6 percent is considered healthy. Economic Growth –To help spur economic growth, the government can cut taxes or increase spending.

33. Slide 33 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 Stability and Security –One indicator of economic stability is the general level of prices. –The government seeks to prevent sudden, drastic shifts in prices so that neither the consumer nor the producer suffers. –Other indicators of stability are financial institutions such as banks and the stock market. Government regulations seek to keep these institutions as stable as possible.

34. Slide 34 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 Economic Citizenship Voters have a say in promoting economic strength by: –Voting for public officials –Voting on referendum

35. Slide 35 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 Technological Progress Checkpoint: How does improved technology help the economy? –Technological progress has enabled the U.S. economy to operate more efficiently. These college entrepreneurs, Gavin McIntyre and Eben Bayer, created a new “green” insulation partly from mushrooms they grew under their beds.

36. Slide 36 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 Technological Progress, cont. Many inventions have improved productivity in the United States, including: –The light bulb, which made a longer workday possible –The assembly line, which led to mass production at affordable costs

37. Slide 37 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 The Government’s Role The government promotes innovation and invention to help maintain the country’s technological advantage by: –Funding research and development projects at universities –Establishing their own research institutions, like NASA –Granting patents and copyrights, which are an incentive to innovation

38. Slide 38 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 The American Work Ethic Economic growth cannot occur without individual effort. –Americans pride themselves on their strong work ethic, which has them not only working hard but caring about the work that they do. –The American work ethic has long been seen as a key ingredient in the nation’s productivity and economic success.

39. Slide 39 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 2 Review Now that you have learned about how the U.S. government encourages growth and stability, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. –What role should government play in a free market economy?

40. Chapter 3: American Free Enterprise Section 3

41. Slide 41 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Objectives 1.Identify examples of public goods. 2.Analyze market failures. 3.Evaluate how the government allocates some resources by managing externalities.

42. Slide 42 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Key Terms public good: a shared good or service for which it would be inefficient or impractical to make consumers pay individually and to exclude those who did not pay public sector: the part of the economy that involves the transactions of the government private sector: the part of the economy that involves the transactions of individuals and businesses infrastructure: the basic facilities that are necessary for a society to function or grow

43. Slide 43 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Key Terms, cont. free rider: someone who would not be willing to pay for a certain good or service but who would get the benefits of it anyway if it were provided as a public good market failure: a situation in which the free market, operating on its own, does not distribute resources efficiently externality: an economic side effect of a good or service that generates benefits or costs to someone other than the person deciding how much to produce or consume

44. Slide 44 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Introduction Why does a society provide public goods? –The government provides society with certain public goods because it would be inefficient or impractical for a free market economy to provide these goods on its own.

45. Slide 45 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Public Goods A public good is a shared good or service for which it would be inefficient or impractical to make consumers pay individually and to exclude those who do not pay.

46. Slide 46 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Public Goods, cont. In the case of most public goods it is simply not practical for a private business to provide the service, charge those who benefit, and exclude nonpayers from using the source. Maintaining street signs and traffic lights is one economic role of government.

47. Slide 47 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Public Goods, cont. Public goods can be used by any number of consumers without reducing the benefits to any single consumer. Public goods are financed by the public sector. –Firefighters are an example of a public good.

48. Slide 48 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Costs and Benefits Checkpoint: What two criteria must be present for a public good? –The benefit to each individual is less than the cost that each individual would have to pay if it were provided privately. –The total benefits to society are greater than the total cost.

49. Slide 49 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Costs and Benefits, cont. The government pays for public goods through taxes. Thus, the financial burden on each individual is significantly less than if a few people decided to fund a project privately.

50. Slide 50 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Free Riders One issue associated with public goods is known as the “free-rider problem.” Free riders are people who are not willing to pay for a particular good or service but would benefit from it if it were offered as a public good. –The free-rider problem suggests what would happen if the government stopped providing public goods: People would refuse to pay and many services would be eliminated.

51. Slide 51 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Market Failures Checkpoint: Why are public goods an example of a market failure? –Public goods are examples of a market failure, where the free market does not distribute resources efficiently. For example, the free market would not be able to build roads efficiently because building roads does not meet the criteria for a properly functioning market system. Thus, road construction is a market failure.

52. Slide 52 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Positive Externalities Public goods involve externalities, which may be either positive or negative. Positive Externalities –Represent the beneficial side effects of public goods. –Can also be generated by the private sector. –Allow someone who did not purchase a good to enjoy part of the benefits of that good.

53. Slide 53 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Negative Externalities Negative externalities cause part of the cost of producing a good or service to be paid for by someone other than the producer. Why would increased car traffic be considered a positive externality by some people and a negative externality by others?

54. Slide 54 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Government’s Goals Understanding externalities helps us see more roles that the government plays in the U.S. economy. –The government may take action to create positive externalities, such as improving education. –The government aims to limit negative externalities like pollution.

55. Slide 55 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Government’s Goals, cont. Many economists feel that the private sector produces more positive externalities that the government does. –This belief shows itself in the debate over how to stop pollution to the environment.

56. Slide 56 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Review Now that you have learned about why a society provides public goods, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. –What role should government play in a free market economy?

57. Chapter 3: American Free Enterprise Section 4

58. Slide 58 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Objectives 1.Explain the U.S. political debate on ways to fight poverty. 2.Identify the main programs through which the government redistributes income. 3.Describe how the government encourages private efforts to help the needy.

59. Slide 59 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Key Terms poverty threshold: an income level below that which is needed to support families and households welfare: government aid to the poor cash transfers: direct payment of money by the government to the poor, disabled, or retired people in-kind benefits: goods and services provided for free or greatly reduced prices grant: a financial award given by a government agency to a private individual or group in order to carry out a specific task

60. Slide 60 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Introduction How does government help the poor? –To help the poor, government programs take money from some people and redistribute it to others. –Such programs include: The welfare system Cash transfers In-kind benefits Medical and educational benefits Grant money

61. Slide 61 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 The Poverty Problem In a free market, the wealth is spread unevenly throughout society, which leaves some people below the poverty threshold. The U.S. Bureau of the Census sets the poverty threshold based on the cost of the goods a family needs to buy.

62. Slide 62 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 The Government’s Role Checkpoint: What is the goal of the government welfare program? –The government provides a safety net to groups like the very young, the very old, the sick, the poor, and the disabled through various federal, state, and local government programs.

63. Slide 63 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 The Government’s Role, cont. One government program, the welfare program, collects funds from taxpayers and redistributes this money to those in need. –This system began during the Great Depression and continues today.

64. Slide 64 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Welfare Reform Critics of welfare claim that it discourages productivity and further aggravates poverty. –In 1996, new welfare reforms limited the amount of time people could receive welfare payments and gave states more freedom to experiment with antipoverty programs.

65. Slide 65 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Redistribution Programs Government redistribution programs include the following: –Cash transfer programs Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) - sends welfare payments directly to the states, which design and run their own welfare programs

66. Slide 66 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Redistribution Programs, cont. Social Security - collects money from current workers and redistributes funds to retired and disabled persons

67. Slide 67 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Redistribution Programs, cont. Unemployment Insurance –Provides money to workers who have lost their jobs as long as recipients offer proof that they have made efforts to get work. –This help is only temporary, offering benefits for only 26 weeks in most states. Worker’s Compensation –Provides state funds to workers injured on the job.

68. Slide 68 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 In-Kind Benefits The government also provides poor people with in-kind benefits, such as: –Food stamps Qualified people receive assistance with their monthly food purchases

69. Slide 69 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 In-Kind Benefits, cont. Subsidized housing –Qualified people are allowed to rent housing for less than the regular rent Legal aid –Qualified people receive legal advice at no charge

70. Slide 70 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Medical and Educational Benefits The government provides health care to the elderly (Medicare), the disabled, the poor (Medicaid), and children who are uninsured (SCHIP). The government also funds educational programs from preschool to college.

71. Slide 71 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Encouraging Private Action Checkpoint: How does tax law provide an incentive to help the needy? –Federal tax laws allow both individuals and corporations to take tax deductions for charitable donations. –The government may also provide grants and other assistance to organizations that provide social services.

72. Slide 72 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 3, Section 3 Review Now that you have learned how the government helps the poor, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. –What role should government play in a free market economy?