1. 1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 32

2. 2 Office Hour Invitations January 6 th, 11:30-12:30 Kenny 2517 16927071 23431091 28021103 35191105 46286092 65034100 68060086 69441087

3. 1. The grades for the December exam are now available on the course website. The mean score on the December exam was 67% (SD = 17%, range = 13% – 98%). 3 Announcements

4. 2. The TAs will be available during their office hours or by appointment for interested students to review their exams: David (A-P): Wednesdays, 2:00-3:00, Kenny 2514 E-mail: dbking11@psych.ubc.ca Sarah (Q-Z): Mondays, 12:30-1:30, Kenny 1910 E-mail: sevictor@psych.ubc.ca 4

5. 5 3. If you are not achieving your goals in this course, please feel free to meet with me or your TA. We may be able to provide you with assistance in developing your study strategies. You may also find it helpful to visit Learning Commons (http://learningcommons.ubc.ca/), an online resource that provides access to information on exam preparation, tutoring, on-campus learning workshops, study groups, and technical tools.

6. 4. CSL students: David e-mailed you in December to inform you of your tentative placement. An orientation session for the CSL component of the course will be held on Tuesday, January 10 th, 5:00- 6:00 PM, in the Suedfeld Lounge of the Kenny building. If you have not already done so, please confirm your attendance at the orientation session with David at dbking11@psych.ubc.ca. 6

7. 7 Friendship: 1. Are there sex similarities in same-sex friendship? 2. Are there sex differences in same-sex friendship?

8. 8 1. discuss sex similarities and differences in same-sex friendship. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 2. identify desired characteristics and sources of relationship satisfaction in same-sex friendship. 3. distinguish between affective and instrumental support.

9. 9 4. review research findings regarding the emergence and magnitude of sex differences in self-disclosure. 5. define the term: co-rumination.

10. 10 Are there sex similarities in same-sex friendship? A number of sex similarities in same-sex friendships have been identified: 1. Friendship network size: Mean = 5 – 8 (Urberg et al., 1995).

11. 11 2. Desired characteristics:  Affective support more important than instrumental support (Burleson et al., 1996).  Trust and authenticity most important (Parker & de Vries, 1993).  Seek friends with similar characteristics.

12. 12 Affective Support vs. Instrumental Support* (Burleson et al., 1996) Affective Support Ego support“Makes me believe in myself.” Conversational“Is easy to talk to in almost any circumstance.” Conflict management “Makes me feel like I can be really honest about the things in our relationship that produce conflict.” Comforting“Can really cheer me up when I’m feeling down or upset.” Instrumental Support Referential“Explains things very well.” Regulative“Makes me see how my mistakes hurt myself as well as other people.” Narrative“Almost always tells an entertaining joke or an interesting story when we’re together.” Persuasive“Knows the kinds of things to say to get me to think or act differently.” * Listed in order, most important to least important.

13. 13 3. Sources of relationship satisfaction: Sources of relationship satisfaction for both sexes include support, enjoyment, and equal power status (Bank & Hansford, 2000; Fehr, 2000; Reisman, 1990; Veniegas & Peplau, 1997). 4. Knowledge of friends/relationship (Simpkins et al., 2006).

14. 14 Are there sex differences in same-sex friendship? A number of sex differences in same-sex friendships have been identified: 1. Group size during play: Females tend to play in dyads; males tend to play in groups (Rose & Rudolph, 2006). 2. Best friends: Females are more likely than males to report having a best friend and to be “clique” members (Urberg et al., 1995).

15. 15 3. Self-disclosure:  Females engage in greater self-disclosure with same- sex friends than males (e.g., Buhrmester & Furman, 1987; McNelles & Connolly, 1999; Sheets & Lugar, 2005).  Sex differences in self-disclosure appear in childhood and are consistent across age groups:

16. 16 Grade 2Grade 5Grade 8 Girls2.833.26 a 3.79 a Boys2.952.76 b 3.19 b Mean Intimate Disclosure Scores in Same-Sex Friendships for Girls and Boys by Grade (Buhrmester & Furman, 1987) Scores in a column with distinct superscripts are significantly different.

17. 17 Mean Intimate Disclosure Scores in Same-Sex Friendships for Women and Men (Sheets & Lugar, 2005) Intimate Disclosure Scores

18. 18  Effect sizes for self-disclosure (Dindia & Allen, 1992): Self-report studies: d = -.17. Observational studies: d = -.22. Informant studies: d = -.44.  When self-disclosing, females are more likely than males to engage in “co-rumination” (Rose, 2002).

19. 19 Friendship: 1. Are there sex similarities in same-sex friendship? 2. Are there sex differences in same-sex friendship?