1. Investigating the Food We Eat:

2.  Explain the challenge of feeding a growing human population.  Identify goals, methods, and environmental impacts of the “green revolution”.  Categorize the strategies of pest management.  Discuss the importance of pollinators.

3.  A term given to those who get LESS THAN 90% of their daily caloric needs  A.K.A. Hungry people…   Typically a problem in DEVELOPING nations

5.  A problem that results from a person getting too many calories each day.  An issue in DEVELOPED nations more than it is in DEVELOPING nations due to the availability of cheap food.

6.  BECAUSE the quality of food someone eats is JUST AS IMPORTANT as the quantity…  Malnutrition – a shortage of nutrients that the body NEEDS (vitamins and minerals)  Malnourished people can be undernourished or overnourished.

7. For every 2 people living today, there will be 3 in 2050  In the 1960s scientists predicted people all over the world would starve because agriculture systems would not be able to support our growing population.  The human population has exceeded these predictions for a variety of reasons so far…

8. Since 1985 we are producing less grain per person each year  How have we been able to keep up with feeding a growing population so far?  Devoting more fossil fuel energy to agriculture  Planting and harvesting more often  Using more water, fertilizers, and pesticides  Increasing the amount of land used for farming  Developing more productive crops and livestock (through biotechnology).

9. Today 850 million people in developing countries do not have enough to eat  The problem:  The world’s soils are deteriorating (lacking nutrients & eroding)  Almost all of the world’s farmable land is already being used  Our population continues to increase drastically

10. Goals, Methods, and Environmental Impacts of

11.  Began as a result of the need for MORE quality food for a growing population.  Agricultural scientists came up with ways to increase the amount of crops grown on already existing farmland.  Why? The realization we could not continue to gobble up more and more land for farming.  (The “Earth Expander” hasn’t been invented yet).

12.  Selectively breeding crops to be bigger, healthier, and more resistant to environmental impacts.  Applying synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides.  Irrigating crops with much more water.  Using larger, more effective farming equipment.  The result: 150% increase in food production while the population increased 100% (between 1961 & 2002)

13.  The Good:  Less land needed to grow more crops.  Prevented a degree of deforestation and habitat destruction in countries where the population was increasing rapidly.  Preserved biodiversity and natural ecosystems in some places  The Bad:  The large demand for water, fossil fuels, fertilizers, and pesticides causes pollution, salinization and desertification.  Monocultures: large areas used to grow one single type of crop = reduces biodiversity

14. Strategies of

15.  What are they?  An organism (insect, fungi, virus, mammal or weed) that damages any crop valuable to people.  Weeds are simply any plant that competes with our crops.  Have always created problems for traditional agriculture – especially monocultures.

16.  Insecticides:  Used to kill insects  Herbicides:  Used to kill unwanted plants (weeds)  Fungicides:  Used to kill damaging fungi  These are ALL considered pesticides.

17. PESTS EVOLVE RESISTANCE TO PESTICIDES HOW? 1. Outbreak of pests on crops… 2. Application of pesticide… 3. All pests except a few with natural resistance are killed… 4. Survivors breed and produce a pesticide-resistant population… 5. Pesticide is applied again… 6. Pesticide has little effect and new more toxic pesticides must be created.

18.  Agricultural scientists have fought pests and weeds with organisms that would naturally eat or infect them.  Often, biocontrol requires introducing an animal or microbe into an ecosystem where it previously did not belong.  Sometimes, biocontrol creates unintended problems – control organism could become invasive.

19.  Example:  Many times, parasitic wasps are used to control unwanted caterpillars.  They will lay their eggs on a caterpillar that once hatched, feed on it.  The benefit: fewer pesticides needed! Wasp Eggs!

20.  Simply put: A combination of chemical and biological control.  Techniques:  Biocontrol  Chemicals  Monitoring populations  Habitat alteration  Crop rotation  Transgenic crops

21. The Importance of

22.  Many insects are VITAL for pollinating crops and are completely harmless (even though many insects are thought to be a problem).  Pollination:  The botanical version of sexual reproduction - The process by which male sex cells fertilize female sex cells of a plant.  Without pollination, no plant species would exist for long.

23.  Even though many crops are wind pollinated, many crops depend on insects for pollination.  Maintaining the biodiversity of native pollinators is critical. They do “work” that isn’t possible for people to do.  Homeowners and farmers can help these populations by stopping pesticide use and planting gardens with flowering plants.

24. CROPS POLLINATED BY BEES Okra, Kiwifruit, Onion, Celery, Carambola, Beet, Rapeseed, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Brussels sprouts, Chinese cabbage, Turnip, Mustard, Caraway, Safflower, Chestnut, Watermelon, Tangerine, Tangelo, Coffea, Crownvetch, Hazelnut, Cantaloupe, Cucumber, Squash (plant), Quince, Carrot, Buckwheat, Strawberry, Soybean, Cotton, Sunflower, Walnut, Flax, Lychee, Lupine, Macadamia, Apple, Alfalfa, Cactus, Avocado, Lima bean, Scarlet runner bean, Plum, Cherry, Apricot, Almond, Pear, Boysenberry, Raspberry, Blackberry, Redwood Sequoia, Tomato, Eggplant, Clover (not all species), White clover, Alsike clover, Crimson clover, Red clover, Arrowleaf clover, Blueberry, Alfalfa, Southeastern blueberry, Broad bean, Vetch and Grapes