1. Project Management Part 6 Project Control

2. Part 6 - Project Control2 Topic Outline: Project Control Project control steps Measuring and monitoring system Resource allocation and resource conflicts Project accelerating/crashing Resource loading and leveling Project control exercise Project tracking tools Earned value analysis Scope creep and change control system

3. Part 6 - Project Control3 Project Control Project control  taking corrective actions to keep the project on target toward meeting its goals: time, cost, performance The project manager has final responsibility for project control There are many ways to exert control; the PM must decide which is most appropriate –Resource allocations, funding decisions, personnel assignments, change in priorities

4. Part 6 - Project Control4 Project Control – 3 Steps 1.Measuring & Monitoring Identifying/tracking key performance metrics 2.Evaluating Analyzing causes of problems and potential corrective actions 3.Correcting Taking corrective actions to bring project performance back in line with goals

5. Part 6 - Project Control5 Measuring & Monitoring System Many issues must be decided for a good measuring and monitoring system What should be measured and monitored? How should it be measured? Who should monitor it? How should it be monitored? When should it be monitored? Where should info be stored? Who should have access to info?

6. Part 6 - Project Control6 Project Reports as a Control Tool Reports are one way to give many different people a chance to look for potential problems They also can keep everyone updated about the current project status Everyone concerned with the project should receive reports containing info. relevant to issues under their control What types of info. should an engineer working on a project receive, vs. senior management? When should these reports be provided?

7. Part 6 - Project Control7 Resource Allocation Resource allocation can be used as a control mechanism Allocating more, less, or different physical resources can affect the progress of activities, and can affect their cost and/or the quality of outputs/deliverables as well Assigning more, less, or different employees also can affect project performance Allocating more or less funds to an activity is yet another way to affect project performance

8. Part 6 - Project Control8 Resource Conflicts Sometimes a limited resource is needed (at the same time) by several activities in one project or by different activities in multiple projects (so some of the activities must wait) Setting priority rules for which activity get the constrained resource first can be a means of project control In the case of multiple projects, the goals and importance of all the projects should be considered

9. Part 6 - Project Control9 Resource Conflict Rules Example: Suppose two tasks from different projects need to use the radiation testing lab chamber at the same time. Which gets it first? task with the least slack time task that needs the least time in the lab task that needs the most time in the lab task with the most following activities task from the more important or profitable project arbitrary—flip a coin

10. Part 6 - Project Control10 Project Accelerating/Crashing Project crashing (or accelerating a project) is another way to exert project control “Crashing” a project means shortening its duration, or speeding it up (doing it quicker) Unfortunately, this almost always costs more Sometimes crashing is done because earlier activities were delayed; other times it is done because the customer is willing to trade a higher cost for a shorter project time frame

11. Part 6 - Project Control11 Project Crashing Rules: only crash critical activities crash the cheapest critical activity first assume each task can be crashed one day at a time (simplifying assumption, but not necessary) all critical paths must decrease by one day, in order for the project duration to decrease by one day Crashing example

12. Part 6 - Project Control12 Resource Loading For each resource during each time period, determine the total amount of resource time required by all activities combined Compare this total time with the capacity of the resource during each time period Identify resources that are over-utilized (or overloaded) during any time period What should be done about it?

13. Part 6 - Project Control13 Resource Leveling Re-scheduling some activities to eliminate resource overloading in certain time periods Try to delay activities that have extra slack time first—this will not delay the project If that doesn’t work, then activities must be delayed which will delay the project due date Popular project management software will identify resource overloading and will perform resource leveling automatically if requested

14. Part 6 - Project Control14 Project Control Exercise Envirosafe Project case (30 minutes) Divide into small groups Read case Discuss why the project was late and over budget; root causes Recommend control procedures and other changes that should prevent future problems

15. Part 6 - Project Control15 Project Tracking Tools Popular project management software allows you to easily track cost and schedule performance as the project progresses This provides a useful tool for project control The current cost and schedule status must be entered routinely (daily or weekly) For each activity, you must estimate: actual cost so far, and percent complete Earned Value Analysis is a common tracking tool that provides performance metrics

16. Part 6 - Project Control16 Earned Value Analysis Earned Value Analysis compares the current project status with the original (baseline) plan It computes several performance metrics for individual activities and for the entire project It focuses on cost and schedule performance It’s a useful tool for project control Popular project management software computes these metrics

17. Part 6 - Project Control17 Earned Value Earned Value for a task = (budgeted cost of task)*(% completion of task) It’s often difficult to estimate % completion of a task; 4 approaches once task is started: –assume 50% completion until task is finished –assume 0% until task is finished –use % of budgeted cost or time used so far –best guess of knowledgeable person (best) Earned Value for the entire project is the summation of earned values for all tasks

18. Part 6 - Project Control18 Earned Value Metrics BCWS—Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (PV) –baseline cost of scheduled work ACWP—Actual Cost of Work Performed (AC) –actual cost of work actually performed so far BCWP—Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (EV) –budgeted cost of work actually performed so far Cost variance (CV) = BCWP – ACWP Schedule variance (SV) = BCWP – BCWS BAC—Budgeted cost At Completion

19. Part 6 - Project Control19 Earned Value Chart 3 lines on chart: –Baseline—planned cost over time (BCWS) –Actual Cost line (ACWP) –Earned Value line (BCWP) Schedule variance (negative is bad) Cost variance (negative is bad) Example chart on next slide –describe project performance in this example

20. Part 6 - Project Control20 Earned Value Chart 1 Time Now Dollars Schedule variance Cost variance Cost schedule plan (baseline) ACWP BCWP BCWS Actual cost Value completed (Earned Value) Performance Cost Sched.

21. Part 6 - Project Control21 Earned Value Chart 2 Time Now Dollars BCWS baseline ACWP BCWP =EV Performance Cost Sched.

22. Part 6 - Project Control22 Earned Value Chart 3 Time Now Dollars BCWS baseline ACWP BCWP = EV Performance Cost Sched.

23. Part 6 - Project Control23 Earned Value Chart 4 Time Now Dollars BCWS baseline ACWP BCWP = EV Performance Cost Sched.

24. Part 6 - Project Control24 Earned Value Chart 5 Time Now Dollars BCWS baseline ACWP BCWP = EV Performance Cost Sched.

25. Part 6 - Project Control25 Earned Value Chart 6 Time Now Dollars BCWS baseline ACWP BCWP =EV Performance Cost Sched.

26. Part 6 - Project Control26 Earned Value Metrics BCWS—Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (PV) –baseline cost of scheduled work ACWP—Actual Cost of Work Performed (AC) –actual cost of work actually performed so far BCWP—Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (EV) –budgeted cost of work actually performed so far Cost variance (CV) = BCWP – ACWP Schedule variance (SV) = BCWP – BCWS BAC—Budgeted cost At Completion

27. Part 6 - Project Control27 CPI and SPI CPI and SPI give the same information as cost variance and schedule variance, except as a ratio instead of as a $ difference Cost Performance Index (CPI) –CPI = BCWP / ACWP (or EV / AC) Schedule Performance Index (SPI) –SPI = BCWP / BCWS (or EV / PV) Values less than 1.0 are undesirable

28. Part 6 - Project Control28 Example Example: Budgeted cost for finished task = $850; Actual cost to date = $550; Task is 70% complete, but was scheduled to be 80% complete by now BCWS = 0.8*($850) = $680PV (baseline) BCWP = 0.7*($850) = $595EV ACWP = $550AC Cost variance = BCWP – ACWP = +$45 (good) Schedule variance = BCWP – BCWS = -$85 (bad) CPI = BCWP / ACWP = 1.082 (good) SPI = BCWP / BCWS = 0.875 (bad)

29. Part 6 - Project Control29 ETC and EAC Two more cost metrics are ETC and EAC Estimated (remaining cost) To Completion –ETC = (BAC – BCWP) / CPI (note: Microsoft Project does not divide by CPI) –BAC = budgeted cost at completion = $850 –ETC = (850 – 595) / 1.082 = $235.67 Estimated (total cost) At Completion –EAC = ETC + ACWP –EAC = 235.67 + 550 = $785.67

30. Part 6 - Project Control30 Scope Creep PM must be cautious of scope creep. Why? Most common cause is due to the client or project team wanting to enhance the project’s deliverables The later that changes are made, the more difficult and costly they become Scope creep is welcome if it lowers costs or enhances the firm’s competitiveness A change control system allows the PM to assess the impacts and desirability of potential changes before deciding to implement them

31. Part 6 - Project Control31 Change Control System Review suggested changes Assess all impacts to project goals Evaluate advantages and disadvantages Consider alternative changes that are better Allow responsible parties to make decision in light of all information Communicate changes to everyone involved Implement changes Summarize all changes and impacts in report